The Development of Legislation on the Social Economy in Continental Western Europe

One of the main instruments for local development is the regulatory legal framework of the so-called Social Economy, a term and concept that is yet to be fully defined. The society’s approach to the generation of wealth encompasses different concepts, movements, approaches, and ways of acting, all of which pose a challenge to the determination of a precise definition. Within the European Union (E.U.), a common legislative base has been developed, although the specific legislation developed by each Member State has been uneven. The legislation may have started from the same common principles, but each country has adopted different legal forms. This work aims to outline the diverse ways of legislating on a concept that is still under construction and within similar legal frameworks, illustrating the lack of harmony between European states that, despite the sharing of borders and having common legislative foundations, distance themselves in the final legislation, a situation that does not benefit the economic unity of entrepreneurs with social principles

Equality as a cooperative value and its projection in cooperative legislation

Nº Monográfico: Identidad cooperativa: puesta en valor de los elementos diferenciales de la economía cooperativa y solidariaEn la búsqueda de la identidad cooperativa, la Alianza Cooperativa Internacional, con base a los elementos que se han considerado identificadores de esta estructura jurídica, ha ido fijando los principios –y valores– propios de estas entidades, de carácter universal, a los que habrán de acomodarse como normas programáticas que guían la acción y estructura de las cooperativas. Y siendo los principios cooperativos las "pautas mediante las cuales las cooperativas ponen en práctica sus valores" (ACI, 1995), analizando su materialización legal, se distinguirán a las cooperativas de cualquier otro operador económico que concurra en el mercado. Con el presente trabajo, se pretende dar una panorámica de la proyección que uno de los valores cooperativos ha tenido en la política legislativa nacional en el ámbito societario: la igualdad. Si realmente los valores son lo que distinguen a las cooperativas de otras estructuras jurídicas, el reconocimiento del valor de la igualdad en el marco legislativo nos dará la imagen del nivel de identificación del modelo cooperativo en el mercado.In the search for cooperative identity, the International Cooperative Alliance, on the basis of the elements that have been considered as identifying this legal structure, has established the principles and values of these entities, which are of a universal nature, to be accommodated as programmatic norms that guide the action and structure of cooperatives. And the cooperative principles being the "guidelines by which cooperatives put their values into practice" (ICA, 1995), analysing their legal materialization, cooperatives shall be distinguished from any other economic operator competing in the market. This paper aims to give an overview of the projection that one of the cooperative values has had in national legislative policy in the corporate sphere: equality. If values really are what sets cooperatives apart from other legal structures, the recognition of the value of equality in the legislative framework will give us a picture of the level of identification of the cooperative model in the market.Escuela de Estudios CooperativosFac. de Ciencias Económicas y EmpresarialesTRUEPlan Andaluz de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (PAIDI 2020)pu

The representative inter-cooperation in Spain. Evolution and expansion

Monográfico: Integración cooperativa y reestructuraciones socialmente responsablesEn el presente trabajo se revisa el proceso legislativo nacional de la inserción del principio cooperativo de cooperación entre cooperativas desde su vertiente representativa, señalando las soluciones que ha ido dando el legislador nacional al asociacionismo cooperativo, así como otras políticas legislativas actuales que, de forma indirecta, potencian la intercooperación representativa, así como señalar la presente interrelación de las sociedades cooperativas con otras estructuras jurídicas con las que concurre en el mercado para el mismo papel de defensa de sus intereses y proyección, produciéndose una simbiosis entre estructuras que en principio resultan antagónicas, pero unidas por el interés.In this paper aims at reviewing the national legislative process about the insertion cooperative principle of cooperation among cooperatives from its representative aspect, pointing out the answers which have been given by the national legislator to the inclination to cooperative association, as well as other current legislative policies that, indirectly, promote representative cooperation, in addition it will be noted the present relationship between cooperative societies with other legal structures with which compete in the market for the same defensive role of their attention and projection, creating a symbiosis between former opposing entities, joined by business.Escuela de Estudios CooperativosFac. de Ciencias Económicas y EmpresarialesTRUEpu

The Misericórdias as Social Economy Entities in Portugal and Spain

Las Santas Casas de Misericórdias (The Holy Houses of Mercy) are institutions of Portuguese origin that emerged in the late fifteenth century and that, over time, have expanded beyond the territories of the Portuguese Empire, including to Spain, where various Casas de Misericordia were created in their image and with similar purposes to the original. The Misericórdias continue to be relevant and present throughout Portugal, in various decolonized countries of the former Portuguese Empire, and in other territories that have been influenced by Portuguese emigration, and have always played an important role in the social care of citizens. In Spain, the Santas Casas de Misericordia do not have the same long history, nor the same social relevance as their Portuguese counterparts. However, even today, there are some Casas de Misericordia in Spain that provide social care services, having adopted various legal structures such as foundations, associations, and public entities

Synthesis, Fungitoxic Activity against Botrytis cinerea and Phytotoxicity of Alkoxyclovanols and Alkoxyisocaryolanols

Clovane and isocaryolane derivatives have been proven to show several levels of activity against the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea. Both classes of sesquiterpenes are reminiscent of biosynthetic intermediates of botrydial, a virulence factor of B. cinerea. Further development of both classes of antifungal agent requires exploration of the structure-activity relationships for the antifungal effects on B. cinerea and phytotoxic effects on a model crop. In this paper, we report on the preparation of a series of alkoxy-clovane and -isocaryolane derivatives, some of them described here for the first time (2b, 2d, 2f-2h, and 4c-4e); the evaluation of their antifungal properties against B. cinerea, and their phytotoxic activites on the germination of seeds and the growth of radicles and shoots of Lactuca sativa (lettuce). Both classes of compound show a correlation of antifungal activity with the nature of side chains, with the best activity against B. cinerea for 2d, 2h, 4c and 4d. In general terms, while 2-alkoxyclovan-9-ols (2a-2e) exert a general phytotoxic effect, this is not the case for 2-arylalkoxyclovan-9-ols (2f-2i) and 8-alkoxyisocaryolan-9-ols (4a-4d), where stimulating effects would make them suitable candidates for application to plants.This research was supported by a grant from Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades (RTI2018-097356-B-C21, MCIU/AEI/FEDER, EU). A.d.A.P.B., G.G.d.S. and J.A.T. thank Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de nivel superior (CAPES, Brazil) for research fellowships (CAPES-DGU 197/09)

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Largest HIV-1 CRF02_AG Outbreak in Spain: Evidence for Onward Transmissions

Background and Aim: The circulating recombinant form 02_AG (CRF02_AG) is the predominant clade among the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) non-Bs with a prevalence of 5.97% (95% Confidence Interval-CI: 5.41–6.57%) across Spain. Our aim was to estimate the levels of regional clustering for CRF02_AG and the spatiotemporal characteristics of the largest CRF02_AG subepidemic in Spain.Methods: We studied 396 CRF02_AG sequences obtained from HIV-1 diagnosed patients during 2000–2014 from 10 autonomous communities of Spain. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the 391 CRF02_AG sequences along with all globally sampled CRF02_AG sequences (N = 3,302) as references. Phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis was performed to the largest CRF02_AG monophyletic cluster by a Bayesian method in BEAST v1.8.0 and by reconstructing ancestral states using the criterion of parsimony in Mesquite v3.4, respectively.Results: The HIV-1 CRF02_AG prevalence differed across Spanish autonomous communities we sampled from (p < 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 52.7% of the CRF02_AG sequences formed 56 monophyletic clusters, with a range of 2–79 sequences. The CRF02_AG regional dispersal differed across Spain (p = 0.003), as suggested by monophyletic clustering. For the largest monophyletic cluster (subepidemic) (N = 79), 49.4% of the clustered sequences originated from Madrid, while most sequences (51.9%) had been obtained from men having sex with men (MSM). Molecular clock analysis suggested that the origin (tMRCA) of the CRF02_AG subepidemic was in 2002 (median estimate; 95% Highest Posterior Density-HPD interval: 1999–2004). Additionally, we found significant clustering within the CRF02_AG subepidemic according to the ethnic origin.Conclusion: CRF02_AG has been introduced as a result of multiple introductions in Spain, following regional dispersal in several cases. We showed that CRF02_AG transmissions were mostly due to regional dispersal in Spain. The hot-spot for the largest CRF02_AG regional subepidemic in Spain was in Madrid associated with MSM transmission risk group. The existence of subepidemics suggest that several spillovers occurred from Madrid to other areas. CRF02_AG sequences from Hispanics were clustered in a separate subclade suggesting no linkage between the local and Hispanic subepidemics

Gender differences in the scial work students’ interest for subjects at the University of Almeria

El estudio que se expone a continuación intenta averiguar si existen diferencias significativas en las percepciones de los estudiantes del grado de trabajo social en lo que respecta al interés por las materias. Se utiliza una muestra de primer curso, compuesta por un total de 221 alumnos. Para abordar este objetivo, se aplicó el cuestionario que desprende una puntuación alfa de Cronbach de .94. Una vez se obtuvieron los datos, éstos se sometieron a un análisis en el paquete estadístico SPSS en su versión 17 para Windows. En concreto, los resultados indican que existen notables diferencias de género en las percepciones de los estudiantes, no siendo éstas estadísticamente significativas.The study described below attempts to find out if there are significant differences in the perceptions of Social Work students with respect to their interest in subjects. It uses a sample of the first course, comprising a total of 221 students. It used a questionnaire which shows a Cronbach's alpha score 0.94. Once the data were obtained, they were analised in SPSS version 17 for Windows. The results indicate that there are significant gender differences in the perceptions of students, although they are not statistically significant