Diagnosis of chronic conditions with modifiable lifestyle risk factors in selected urban and rural areas of Bangladesh and sociodemographic variability therein

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Bangladesh suffers from a lack of healthcare providers. The growing chronic disease epidemic's demand for healthcare resources will further strain Bangladesh's limited healthcare workforce. Little is known about how Bangladeshis with chronic disease seek care. This study describes chronic disease patients' care seeking behavior by analyzing which providers diagnose these diseases.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>During 2 month periods in 2009, a cross-sectional survey collected descriptive data on chronic disease diagnoses among 3 surveillance populations within the International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, B) network. The maximum number of respondents (over age 25) who reported having ever been diagnosed with a chronic disease determined the sample size. Using SAS software (version 8.0) multivariate regression analyses were preformed on related sociodemographic factors.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Of the 32,665 survey respondents, 8,591 self reported having a chronic disease. Chronically ill respondents were 63.4% rural residents. Hypertension was the most prevalent disease in rural (12.4%) and urban (16.1%) areas. In rural areas chronic disease diagnoses were made by MBBS doctors (59.7%) and Informal Allopathic Providers (IAPs) (34.9%). In urban areas chronic disease diagnoses were made by MBBS doctors (88.0%) and IAP (7.9%). Our analysis identified several groups that depended heavily on IAP for coverage, particularly rural, poor and women.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>IAPs play important roles in chronic disease care, particularly in rural areas. Input and cooperation from IAPs are needed to minimize rural health disparities. More research on IAP knowledge and practices regarding chronic disease is needed to properly utilize this potential healthcare resource.</p

Mass Spectrometry and High Resolution Mass Spectrometry: An Overview

In this chapter, a brief overview of fundamentals in mass spectrometry and some applications are presented. The main concepts in ionization techniques, classical techniques and ambient mass spectrometry are followed by an overview on analyzers. Particular attention has been paid to high resolution mass spectrometry and accurate mass measurements, highly debating topics in modern mass spectrometry, with some examples and applications. Finally tandem mass spectrometry, collision-induced dissociations (CID), interactions of ions with electrons (ECD, ETD), photons (IRMPD) and with surfaces (SID) are also briefly presented

Mass Spectrometry and Tandem Mass Spectrometry: An Overview

In this chapter, a brief overview of fundamentals in mass spectrometry and of its applications in homeland security, forensic sciences and explosive detection, are presented. This chapter presents the general features of mass spectrometry and the main concepts in ionization techniques and analyzers, with particular attention to resolution, one of most important and “hot” topic in modern mass spectrometry. In addition, ambient mass spectrometry, a mass spectrometric analysis is discussed. This ambient ionization requires either no or minimal effort for sample preparation, using direct sampling. An overview of the wide range of ionization methods described in the literature, such as DART, DESI, PS is also presented. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), a methodology used both for identifying and characterizing analytes is discussed, as well as it uses for quantitative purposes. Different MS/MS experiments, collision-induced dissociations (CID), interactions of ions with electrons (ECD, ETD), photons (IRMPD) and with surfaces (SID) are also briefl y described

The basics of mass spectrometry in the twenty-first century

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