Study of DIC hydrothermal treatment effect on rheological properties of standard maize (SMS), waxy maize (WMS), wheat (WTS) and potato (PTS) starches

International audienceStandard maize (SMS), waxy maize (WMS), wheat (WTS) and potato (PTS) starches were hydrothermally treated by Instantaneous Controlled Pressure Drop (DIC) process at different pressure levels (1, 2 and 3 bar) corresponding to the temperatures of 100, 122 and 136 C, respectively. The rheological properties and particle size of treated starches under various conditions were compared to the native ones. The results showed for all starches, except for WTS, a reduction of the consistency coefficient and the yield stress (s0) with increased intensity of the hydrothermal treatment conditions. Furthermore, s0 vanished for severe treatment conditions. The DIC treatment yielded an increased fluidity and a loss of the conservative modulus of the pastes, as a result of partial gelatinization of starch granules. The extent of the observed effect depended on the botanical origin. Wheat starch exhibited a different behaviour: the consistency coefficient and the conservative modulus being higher for DIC treated starch except for the most severe conditions

Echinococcus multilocularis (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea, Taeniidae): functional ultrastructure of the penetration glands and nerve cells within the oncosphere

The fine structure of the infective hexacanths of Echinococcus multilocularis was examined with particular emphasis on the functional ultrastructure of penetration glands and nerve cells directly involved in the mechanism of initial host infection. The oncosphere contains two types of penetration glands, PG1 and PG2, that differ slightly in size and form a large U-shaped bi-nucleated syncytial structure. The arms of each gland at each end of the U, directed towards the hook region, exit into the tegument peripheral layer between the median and lateral hook pairs. The lobate nuclei of PG1 and PG2 contain prominent spherical nucleoli surrounded by several large electron-dense islands of heterochromatin. The syncytial cytoplasm of both types of glands is rich in free ribosomes, polysomes, several mitochondria, and heavy accumulations of discoid secretory granules of moderate to high electron density. The secretory granules, sg1 and sg2, differ in their ultrastructure and electron density; the sg2 are much smaller and more flattened in shape. A common characteristic for sg1 and sg2, evident under high magnification, is their high electron density and discoidal shape, with two bi-concave surfaces. Both sg1 and sg2 are frequently grouped in characteristic parallel stacks, the "rouleau"-shaped assemblages with sometimes six to ten granules. Two nerve cells of neurosecretory type are situated in the central part of the hexacanth, each one in a deep U-shaped invagination between the two penetration glands. The nuclei of nerve cells contain several large heterochromatin islands closely adjacent to their nuclear membranes. Their cytoplasm is characterized by having membrane-bound, dense-cored neurosecretory-like granules not only in nerve cell perikarya but also in the elongated nerve processes frequently adjacent to gland arms and to both somatic or body musculature, including the complex system of hook muscles. The results of the present study, when supported with literature data on oncospheres of other cestode species, allow for a better understanding of the important role and coordinated functions of three structural components, i.e., oncospheral hooks, penetration glands, and nerve cells, in the mechanism of intermediate host infection. Presence or absence of nerve cells in oncospheres of various cestodes is reviewed, and perspectives on the value and application of research on functional morphology of oncospheres are discusse

Echinococcus multilocularis (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea, Taeniidae): oncospheral hook morphogenesis

Ultrastructural characteristics of the oncospheral hook morphogenesis in the taeniid cestode Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart, 1863, a parasite of medical and veterinary importance, are described. Oncospheral hook primordia appear at the preoncospheral phase of the embryonic development. Within six specialised cells of the so-called oncoblasts, high concentration of mitochondria, numerous ribosomes and extended Golgi regions are involved in hook development. During hook growth, the blade and base gradually protrude outside the oncoblast plasma membrane. The nucleated oncoblast persists around the handles of fully formed hooks. Simultaneously with the hook primordium elongation and transformation into a blade, handle and base, the hook material differentiates into an electron-dense cortex and a less dense inner core. The exit of the blade of eachmature hook, protruding from the oncosphere, is surrounded by a circular, septate desmo some and two rigid, dense rings on either side. The pattern of oncospheral hook morphogenesis in E. multilocularis is compared with that of other previously examined cyclophyllidean cestodes. Though oncoblasts have never been observed around the mature hooks, their remnants are often still visible in the fully developed infective oncospheres in particular in some taeniid species so far examined in this respect. The origin and formation of oncospheral hooks in E. multilocularis, evidently differs from that of the rostellar hooks. Thus, although the hooks may have slight similarity at the gross level, they are neither analogous nor homologous structures

Fertilization in the cestode Echinococcus multilocularis (Cyclophyllidea, Taeniidae)

Fertilization in the taeniid cestode Echinococcus multilocularis with uniflagellate spermatozoa was examined by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Fertilization in this species occurs in the oviduct lumen or in the fertilization canal proximal to the ootype, where the formation of the embryonic capsule precludes sperm contact with the oocytes. Cortical granules are not present in the cytoplasm of the oocytes of this species, however, several large bodies containing granular material where frequently observed. Spermatozoa coil spirally around the oocytes and syngamy occurs by lateral fusion of oocyte and sperm plasma membranes. In the ootype, one vitellocyte associates with fertilized oocyte, forming a membranous capsule which encloses both cell types. In this stage, the spirally coiled sperm body adheres partly to the external oocyte surface, and partially enters into the perinuclear cytoplasm. The electron-dense sperm nucleus becomes progressively electron-lucent within the oocyte cytoplasm after penetration. Simultaneously with chromatin decondensation, the elongated sperm pronucleus changes shape, forming a spherical male pronucleus, which attains the size of the female pronucleus. Cleavage begins immediately after pronuclear fusion

Chronology of the popular movement in Algeria – Historic stations -

على اعتبار أنه لا يوجد مجتمع يخلو من مظاهر الصراع والمناهضة والمعارضة فقد كان للجزائر قسط كبير في هذا، فقد قارعت المستعمر الفرنسي قرنا وثلث قرن من الزمن في حروب وثورات وحركات احتجاجية ساخنة عنيفة وسلمية. كُللت بنيل الاستقلال ولكنه مع الاستقلال تفاجئ المواطن بشكل آخر من الواقع وهو الصراع الداخلي بين أبناء المجتمع الواحد في شكل حركات احتجاجية شهدتها الجزائر المستقلة وإلى اليوم مناهضة لنظام السلطة، حركات اختلفت في شكلها وحجمها في قوتها وتوجهها بدءا من أزمة صائفة 1962 بين جيش الحدود وجيش الداخل، لتتوالى بعدها حركات احتجاجية بمنطقة القبائل إلى حركة بويعلي فالربيع الأمازيغي مرورا باحتجاجات أكتوبر 1988 فإضرابات الفيس 1991 إلى أحداث 2000 بالقبائل مرة أخرى فأحداث غرداية تلتها ثورة الزيت والسكر وصولا إلى حراك 22 فبراير الذي شكل هبّة فريدة من نوعها في الجزائر، إذ نحاول ضمن هذه الورقة سرد هذه الأحداث كصورة حراك جزئي أو عام رافض لوضع ما، وهذا في مسار كرونولوجي مع النظر في أسبابها ومآلها.Likewise, there is no society without opposition and manifestations of conflict, Algeria had a large share in this. It fought the French colonialists for a century and a third of a century in wars, revolutions, and violent and peaceful protest movements that culminated in the achievement of independence. However, after independence, the Algerian citizen was surprised by another form of conflict, which is the internal struggle between members of the same community in the form of protest movements that independent Algeria has witnessed against the power. movements that differed in shape and size in their strength and direction starting from the summer crisis of 1962 between the Frontier Army and the Army of the Interior, and then followed by Protest movements in the Kabylie region to the “Bouyali” movement, followed by the Amazigh spring, through the October 1988 protests, then the “F.I.S” strikes of 1991 to the events of 2000 in the Kabylie again, then the events of Ghardaia, followed by the oil and sugar revolution, and up to the February 22nd movement, which constituted a unique gift in Algeria, as we try within this paper to narrate these events As an image of partial or general mobility rejecting a situation, and this is in a chronological path with consideration of its causes and consequences

Toxoplasma gondii: Identification and immune response against a group of proteins involved in cellular invasion

International audienceToxoplasma gondii is an ubiquitous intracellular parasite, causative agent of toxoplasmosis, and a worldwide zoonosis for which an effective vaccine is needed. A group of proteins secreted by tachyzoites during host-cell invasion was isolated from the interaction medium. It induced the permeability of the cells as assessed by alpha-sarcin and consequently facilitated the entry of the parasite into the cells. SDS-PAGE of the purified proteins showed a pattern of four proteins of 67, 42, 32 and 27 kDa. MRC-5 cells incubated with the total protein and the different electroeluted bands endured a high cellular death in presence of alpha-sarcin. BALb/C mice immunized with the group of proteins had a mixed Th1/Th2 response and were protected upon challenge with the parasites

Echinococcus multilocularis (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea, Taeniidae): origin, differentiation and functional ultrastructure of the oncospheral tegument and hook region membrane

Both the oncospheral tegument and the hook region membrane (HRM) of Echinococcus multilocularis hexacanths originate from a syncytial binucleate complex that appears in the early stage of morphogenesis and organogenesis of the hexacanth larva. The primordium of this binucleate complex forms a binucleate syncytial cap or "calotte" situated beneath the inner envelope at one pole of the developing embryo. During oncospheral differentiation, the binucleate perikaryon of the syncytial cap is sunk progressively deeper into the central part of the embryo, but remains always connected with the distal cytoplasm by a tendrillar cytoplasmic connection or bridge. Following migration or sinking of the binucleate perikaryon, numerous cytoplasmic vesicles appear in the distal cytoplasm. These vesicles fuse progressively together and form a single large cavity or lacuna. The walls of this cavity are becoming at this point the walls of two delaminated layers: (1) the distal anucleated cytoplasmic layer is transformed into the oncospheral tegument and (2) the proximal thin cytoplasmic layer is transformed into the "hook region membrane". This delamination of the initially compact layer of distal cytoplasm into two layers seems to be closely associated with differentiation of oncospheral hooks, the elongating blades of which protrude progressively into a newly formed cavity. The pressure of hook blades on the hook region membrane appears to facilitate its further separation from the basal layer of distal cytoplasm which is transformed into the peripheral layer of oncospheral tegument. In the mature oncosphere, the surface of this peripheral layer forms a regular brush border of cytoplasmic processes or microvilli and represents the true body covering of the hexacanth. The very thin cytoplasmic connection between the peripheral layer of tegument and binucleate perikaryon appears only very seldom in the ultrathin sections as a narrow cytoplasmic strand and has a plasma membrane that is reinforced by a single row of cortical microtubules. The HRM covers only one pole of the oncosphere and is attached to the oncosphere surface. The HRM is clearly visible in the mature oncosphere and is draped over the hook blades, the sharp points of which are protected by moderately electron-dense caps. Comparison of the above morphology with that of TEM study of the tegument of adult cestodes shows a great similarity as well as homology in the body covering of both larval and adult cestodes

Origin, differentiation and functional ultrastructure of egg envelopes in the cestode Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart, 1863 (Cyclophyllidea: Taeniidae)

The origin, differentiation and functional ultrastructure of oncospheral or egg envelopes in Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart, 1863 were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and cytochemistry. The purpose of our study is to describe the formation of the four primary embryonic envelopes, namely vitelline capsule, outer envelope, inner envelope and oncospheral membrane, and their transformation into the oncospheral or egg envelopes surrounding the mature hexacanth. This transformation takes place in the preoncospheral phase of embryonic development. The vitelline capsule and oncospheral membrane are thin membranes, while the outer and inner envelopes are thick cytoplasmic layers formed by two specific types of blastomeres: the outer envelope by cytoplasmic fusion of two macromeres and the inner envelope by cytoplasmic fusion of three mesomeres. Both outer and inner envelopes are therefore cellular in origin and syncytial in nature. During the advanced phase of embryonic development, the outer and inner envelopes undergo great modifications. The outer envelope remains as a metabolically active layer involved in the storage of glycogen and lipids for the final stages of egg development and survival. The inner envelope is the most important protective layer because of its thick layer of embryophoric blocks that assures oncospheral protection and survival. This embryophore is the principal layer of mature eggs, affording physical and physiological protection for the differentiated embryo or oncosphere, since the outer envelope is stripped from the egg before it is liberated. The embryophore is very thick and impermeable, consisting of polygonal blocks of an inert keratin-like protein held together by a cementing substance. The embryophore therefore assures extreme resistance of eggs, enabling them to withstand a wide range of environmental temperatures and physicochemical conditions

The Role of Physical Education and Sports Teacher InPromoting Citizenship Values For Middle School Pupils

تكمن أهداف هذه الدراسة في إبراز الدور الذي يقدمه أستاذ التربية البدنية والرياضية في تعزيز بعض قيم المواطنة لتلاميذ الطور المتوسط، وذلك من خلال مجموعة من العمليات التي يقوم بها الأستاذ ويشترك فيها الأولياء بغرض ترسيخ مبادئ المواطنة لتلاميذ هذه المرحلة، ونظرا لصعوبة هذه المرحلة ألا وهي المراهقة، فإن الأستاذ هنا يحاول ويسعى بكل مجهوداته أن يغرس بعضاً من أبعاد المواطنة لدى تلاميذه، وقد استخدمنا في هذه الدراسة المنهج الوصفي لملائمته طبيعة الدراسة، وأما بالنسبة للعينة فأخذنا العينة العشوائية البسيطة، وأخذنا عينة تقدر بـ 64 فرد من مجتمع الدراسة، وتوصلت الدراسة إلى أن لأستاذ التربية البدنية دور كبير في غرس قيم المواطنة لدى التلاميذ.The aims of this study are to highlight the role offered by the teacher of physical education and sports in promoting some of the values of citizenship for middle school pupils, through a set of processes carried out by the teacher and the participation of the parents. in order to establish the principles of citizenship for the pupils of this stage, and due to the difficulty of this stage,  (adolescence), the teacher here tries his best  to inculcate  some of the dimensions of citizenship among his pupils, for this research  we have used  the descriptive method to suit the nature of the study, and as for the sample we took simple  random sample , estimated  of 64 members of the total number of the students , and the study found that the teacher of physical education played a major role in instilling the values of citizenship among students

L'importance de l'intelligence émotionnelle pour la réussite des équipes dans les PME marocaines

This study examines the relationship between emotional intelligence and performance in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Morocco. Emotional intelligence (EI) is the ability of a person to recognize and manage their own emotions and the emotions of others. It can be divided into two dimensions: intrapersonal EI, which concerns the management of one's own emotions, and interpersonal EI, which concerns the management of the emotions of others. To address this issue, we conducted a questionnaire dedicated to Moroccan SMEs more precisely for 328 firms, and used the methodology of Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results of the study revealed that intrapersonal EI and interpersonal EI are positively related to the performance of the company in the context of Moroccan SMEs. This means that people with high EI tend to achieve better results at work. We also found that the effectiveness of interactions between people can partly explain the relationship between intrapersonal EI and company performance, as well as the relationship between interpersonal EI and company performance. In other words, when team members are able to communicate effectively and manage their own emotions and the emotions of others, this can have a positive impact on the performance of the company.   Keywords: Emotional intelligence (EI), intra-personal and interpersonal, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), The performance of Small and Medium Enterprises -SME. JEL Classification: C38, D91, F2, G41 Paper type: Empirical researchCette étude examine le lien entre l'intelligence émotionnelle et la performance dans les Petites et Moyennes Entreprises marocaines. L'intelligence émotionnelle (EI) est la capacité d'une personne à reconnaître et à gérer ses propres émotions et celles des autres. Elle peut être divisée en deux dimensions : l'EI intra-personnelle, qui concerne la gestion de ses propres émotions, et l'EI interpersonnelle, qui concerne la gestion des émotions des autres. Afin de répondre à cette problématique, nous avons effectué un questionnaire dédié aux Petites et Moyennes Entreprises (PME) marocaines plus précisément pour 328 entreprises, et avons utilisé la méthodologie de l'Analyse en Composantes Principales (ACP). En effet, les résultats de l'étude ont révélé que l'EI intra-personnelle et l'EI interpersonnelle sont positivement liées à la performance de l'entreprise dans le contexte des PME marocaines. Cela signifie que les personnes ayant une EI élevée ont tendance à obtenir de meilleurs résultats au travail. Nous avons également constaté que l'efficacité des interactions entre les personnes peut expliquer en partie le lien entre l'EI intra-personnelle et la performance de l'entreprise, ainsi que le lien entre l'EI interpersonnelle et la performance de l'entreprise. En d'autres termes, lorsque les membres de l'équipe sont capables de communiquer de manière efficace et de gérer leurs émotions et celles des autres, cela peut avoir un impact positif sur la performance de l'entreprise.   Mots clés : L'intelligence émotionnelle (EI), intra-personnelle et interpersonnelle, Analyse en Composantes Principales (ACP), La performance des Petites et Moyennes Entreprises -PME. Classification JEL :  C38, D91, F2, G41 Type de l’article : Recherche appliqué