Criticality in inhomogeneous magnetic systems: Application to quantum ferromagnets

We consider a $\phi^4$-theory with a position-dependent distance from the critical point. One realization of this model is a classical ferromagnet subject to non-uniform mechanical stress. We find a sharp phase transition where the envelope of the local magnetization vanishes uniformly. The first-order transition in a quantum ferromagnet also remains sharp. The universal mechanism leading to a tricritical point in an itinerant quantum ferromagnet is suppressed, and in principle one can recover a quantum critical point with mean-field exponents. Observable consequences of these results are discussed.Comment: 4pp, 4 eps figs, contains additional information compared to PRL version. PRl, in pres

Superfluid Bosons and Flux Liquids: Disorder, Thermal Fluctuations, and Finite-Size Effects

The influence of different types of disorder (both uncorrelated and correlated) on the superfluid properties of a weakly interacting or dilute Bose gas, as well as on the corresponding quantities for flux line liquids in high-temperature superconductors at low magnetic fields are reviewed, investigated and compared. We exploit the formal analogy between superfluid bosons and the statistical mechanics of directed lines, and explore the influence of the different "imaginary time" boundary conditions appropriate for a flux line liquid. For superfluids, we discuss the density and momentum correlations, the condensate fraction, and the normal-fluid density as function of temperature for two- and three-dimensional systems subject to a space- and time-dependent random potential as well as conventional point-, line-, and plane-like defects. In the case of vortex liquids subject to point disorder, twin boundaries, screw dislocations, and various configurations of columnar damage tracks, we calculate the corresponding quantities, namely density and tilt correlations, the ``boson'' order parameter, and the tilt modulus. The finite-size corrections due to periodic vs. open "imaginary time" boundary conditions differ in interesting and important ways. Experimental implications for vortex lines are described briefly.Comment: 78 pages, RevTex, 4 figures included (sorry, there are no ps-files for the remaining 2 figures; if needed, please send mail to [email protected]); brief erratum appended (2 pages

Combining Several ASR Outputs in a Graph-Based SLU System

The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25751-8_66In this paper, we present an approach to Spoken Language Understanding (SLU) where we perform a combination of multiple hypotheses from several Automatic Speech Recognizers (ASRs) in order to reduce the impact of recognition errors in the SLU module. This combination is performed using a Grammatical Inference algorithm that provides a generalization of the input sentences by means of a weighted graph of words. We have also developed a specific SLU algorithm that is able to process these graphs of words according to a stochastic semantic modelling.The results show that the combinations of several hypotheses from the ASR module outperform the results obtained by taking just the 1-best transcriptionThis work is partially supported by the Spanish MEC under contract TIN2014-54288-C4-3-R and FPU Grant AP2010-4193.Calvo Lance, M.; Hurtado Oliver, LF.; García-Granada, F.; Sanchís Arnal, E. (2015). Combining Several ASR Outputs in a Graph-Based SLU System. En Progress in Pattern Recognition, Image Analysis, Computer Vision, and Applications. Springer. 551-558. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25751-8_66S551558Bangalore, S., Bordel, G., Riccardi, G.: Computing consensus translation from multiple machine translation systems. In: ASRU, pp. 351–354 (2001)Benedí, J.M., Lleida, E., Varona, A., Castro, M.J., Galiano, I., Justo, R., de Letona, I.L., Miguel, A.: Design and acquisition of a telephone spontaneous speech dialogue corpus in Spanish: DIHANA. In: LREC, pp. 1636–1639 (2006)Bonneau-Maynard, H., Lefèvre, F.: Investigating stochastic speech understanding. In: IEEE Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding Workshop (ASRU), pp. 260–263 (2001)Calvo, M., García, F., Hurtado, L.F., Jiménez, S., Sanchis, E.: Exploiting multiple hypotheses for multilingual spoken language understanding. In: CoNLL, pp. 193–201 (2013)Fiscus, J.G.: A post-processing system to yield reduced word error rates: recognizer output voting error reduction (ROVER). In: 1997 IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding, pp. 347–354 (1997)Hahn, S., Dinarelli, M., Raymond, C., Lefèvre, F., Lehnen, P., De Mori, R., Moschitti, A., Ney, H., Riccardi, G.: Comparing stochastic approaches to spoken language understanding in multiple languages. IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing 6(99), 1569–1583 (2010)Hakkani-Tür, D., Béchet, F., Riccardi, G., Tür, G.: Beyond ASR 1-best: Using word confusion networks in spoken language understanding. Computer Speech & Language 20(4), 495–514 (2006)He, Y., Young, S.: Spoken language understanding using the hidden vector state model. Speech Communication 48, 262–275 (2006)Larkin, M.A., Blackshields, G., Brown, N.P., Chenna, R., McGettigan, P.A., McWilliam, H., Valentin, F., Wallace, I.M., Wilm, A., Lopez, R., Thompson, J.D., Gibson, T.J., Higgins, D.G.: ClustalW and ClustalX version 2.0. Bioinformatics 23(21), 2947–2948 (2007)Segarra, E., Sanchis, E., Galiano, M., García, F., Hurtado, L.: Extracting Semantic Information Through Automatic Learning Techniques. IJPRAI 16(3), 301–307 (2002)Tür, G., Deoras, A., Hakkani-Tür, D.: Semantic parsing using word confusion networks with conditional random fields. In: INTERSPEECH (2013

Energy relaxation in disordered charge and spin density waves

We investigate collective effects in the strong pinning model of disordered charge and spin density waves (CDWs and SDWs) in connection with heat relaxation experiments. We discuss the classical and quantum limits that contribute to two distinct contribution to the specific heat (a $C_v \sim T^{-2}$ contribution and a $C_v \sim T^{\alpha}$ contribution respectively), with two different types of disorder (strong pinning versus substitutional impurities). From the calculation of the two level system energy splitting distribution in the classical limit we find no slow relaxation in the commensurate case and a broad spectrum of relaxation times in the incommensurate case. In the commensurate case quantum effects restore a non vanishing energy relaxation, and generate stronger disorder effects in incommensurate systems. For substitutional disorder we obtain Friedel oscillations of bound states close to the Fermi energy. With negligible interchain couplings this explains the power-law specific heat $C_v \sim T^{\alpha}$ observed in experiments on CDWs and SDWs combined to the power-law susceptibility $\chi(T)\sim T^{-1+\alpha}$ observed in the CDW o-TaS$_3$.Comment: 13 pages, 10 figures, improvements in the presentatio

Limited Lifespan of Fragile Regions in Mammalian Evolution

An important question in genome evolution is whether there exist fragile regions (rearrangement hotspots) where chromosomal rearrangements are happening over and over again. Although nearly all recent studies supported the existence of fragile regions in mammalian genomes, the most comprehensive phylogenomic study of mammals (Ma et al. (2006) Genome Research 16, 1557-1565) raised some doubts about their existence. We demonstrate that fragile regions are subject to a "birth and death" process, implying that fragility has limited evolutionary lifespan. This finding implies that fragile regions migrate to different locations in different mammals, explaining why there exist only a few chromosomal breakpoints shared between different lineages. The birth and death of fragile regions phenomenon reinforces the hypothesis that rearrangements are promoted by matching segmental duplications and suggests putative locations of the currently active fragile regions in the human genome

Fractal superconductivity near localization threshold

We develop a semi-quantitative theory of electron pairing and resulting superconductivity in bulk "poor conductors" in which Fermi energy $E_F$ is located in the region of localized states not so far from the Anderson mobility edge $E_c$. We review the existing theories and experimental data and argue that a large class of disordered films is described by this model. Our theoretical analysis is based on the analytical treatment of pairing correlations, described in the basis of the exact single-particle eigenstates of the 3D Anderson model, which we combine with numerical data on eigenfunction correlations. Fractal nature of critical wavefunction's correlations is shown to be crucial for the physics of these systems. We identify three distinct phases: 'critical' superconductive state formed at $E_F=E_c$, superconducting state with a strong pseudogap, realized due to pairing of weakly localized electrons and insulating state realized at $E_F$ still deeper inside localized band. The 'critical' superconducting phase is characterized by the enhancement of the transition temperature with respect to BCS result, by the inhomogeneous spatial distribution of superconductive order parameter and local density of states. The major new feature of the pseudo-gaped state is the presence of two independent energy scales: superconducting gap $\Delta$, that is due to many-body correlations and a new "pseudogap" energy scale $\Delta_P$ which characterizes typical binding energy of localized electron pairs and leads to the insulating behavior of the resistivity as a function of temperature above superconductive $T_c$. Two gap nature of the "pseudo-gaped superconductor" is shown to lead to a number of unusual physical properties.Comment: 110 pages, 39 figures. The revised version corrects a number of typos, adds references and discussion of recent result

Squeezing superfluid from a stone: Coupling superfluidity and elasticity in a supersolid

In this work we start from the assumption that normal solid to supersolid (NS-SS) phase transition is continuous, and develop a phenomenological Landau theory of the transition in which superfluidity is coupled to the elasticity of the crystalline $^4$He lattice. We find that the elasticity does not affect the universal properties of the superfluid transition, so that in an unstressed crystal the well-known $\lambda$-anomaly in the heat capacity of the superfluid transition should also appear at the NS-SS transition. We also find that the onset of supersolidity leads to anomalies in the elastic constants near the transition; conversely, inhomogeneous strains in the lattice can induce local variations of the superfluid transition temperature, leading to a broadened transition.Comment: 4 page

The Presence of Weak Active Galactic Nuclei in High Redshift Star Forming Galaxies

We present [OIII 5007A] observations of the star forming galaxy HDF-BMZ1299 (z=1.598) using Keck Observatory's Adaptive Optics system with the near-infrared integral field spectrograph OSIRIS. Using previous Halpha and [NII] measurements of the same source, we are able for the first time to use spatially resolved observations to place a high-redshift galaxy's substructure on a traditional HII diagnostic diagram. We find that HDF-BMZ1299's spatially concentrated nebular ratios in the central ~1.5 kiloparsec (0."2) are best explained by the presence of an AGN: log([NII]/Halpha)=-0.22+/-0.05 and 2sigma limit of log([OIII]/Hbeta)>0.26. The dominant energy source of this galaxy is star formation, and integrating a single aperture across the galaxy yields nebular ratios that are composite spectra from both AGN and HII regions. The presence of an embedded AGN in HDF-BMZ1299 may suggest a potential contamination in a fraction of other high-redshift star forming galaxies, and we suggest that this may be a source of the "elevated" nebular ratios previously seen in seeing-limited metallicity studies. HDF-BMZ1299's estimated AGN luminosity is L_Halpha = 3.7e41 erg/s and L_[OIII] = 5.8e41 erg/s, making it one of the lowest luminosity AGN discovered at this early epoch.Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures, ApJ Accepted, new version to be published (updated text, figures, and table

Critical sound attenuation in a diluted Ising system

The field-theoretic description of dynamical critical effects of the influence of disorder on acoustic anomalies near the temperature of the second-order phase transition is considered for three-dimensional Ising-like systems. Calculations of the sound attenuation in pure and dilute Ising-like systems near the critical point are presented. The dynamical scaling function for the critical attenuation coefficient is calculated. The influence of quenched disorder on the asymptotic behaviour of the critical ultrasonic anomalies is discussed.Comment: 12 RevTeX pages, 4 figure

Does the magnetization transfer effect bias chemical exchange saturation transfer effects? Quantifying chemical exchange saturation transfer in the presence of magnetization transfer

Purpose Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) is an MRI technique sensitive to the presence of low‐concentration solute protons exchanging with water. However, magnetization transfer (MT) effects also arise when large semisolid molecules interact with water, which biases CEST parameter estimates if quantitative models do not account for macromolecular effects. This study establishes under what conditions this bias is significant and demonstrates how using an appropriate model provides more accurate quantitative CEST measurements. Methods CEST and MT data were acquired in phantoms containing bovine serum albumin and agarose. Several quantitative CEST and MT models were used with the phantom data to demonstrate how underfitting can influence estimates of the CEST effect. CEST and MT data were acquired in healthy volunteers, and a two‐pool model was fit in vivo and in vitro, whereas removing increasing amounts of CEST data to show biases in the CEST analysis also corrupts MT parameter estimates. Results When all significant CEST/MT effects were included, the derived parameter estimates for each CEST/MT pool significantly correlated (P < .05) with bovine serum albumin/agarose concentration; minimal or negative correlations were found with underfitted data. Additionally, a bootstrap analysis demonstrated that significant biases occur in MT parameter estimates (P < .001) when unmodeled CEST data are included in the analysis. Conclusions These results indicate that current practices of simultaneously fitting both CEST and MT effects in model‐based analyses can lead to significant bias in all parameter estimates unless a sufficiently detailed model is utilized. Therefore, care must be taken when quantifying CEST and MT effects in vivo by properly modeling data to minimize these biases