El proceso de la elaboración de los códices "Borgia" y "Vaticano B" basado en su estudio codicológico

The aim of this article is to present the observations made during the work with the original codices Borgia (Borg. Mess. 1) and Vaticano B (Vat. Lat. 3773) in the Vatican Library in 2014. This codicological study, even if partial because it was realized only by means of direct observation, revels new data regarding the elaboration of the pre-Hispanic manuscripts. These data include the process of the elaboration of the skin (the material of the codices), as well as the procedures applied when drawing images and correct mistakes.El objetivo de este artículo es presentar las observaciones realizadas durante la consulta de los originales de los códices Borgia (Borg. Mess. 1) y Vaticano B (Vat. Lat. 3773) en la Biblioteca Apostólica Vaticana en 2014. Este estudio codicológico, aunque a la fuerza parcial, dado que fue realizado solamente por medio de una observación directa, revela nuevos datos acerca de la elaboración de los manuscritos prehispánicos, tanto en la preparación de la piel como soporte como en los procedimientos aplicados a la hora de trazar las imágenes y corregir las equivocaciones

International trade and labor issues: Linkages and tensions in a globalizing economy.

This thesis has been inspired by the current attempts to formally link international labor and trade systems. It explores the relationship that exists between these systems and how it has been affected by the globalization of economy and legalization of global affairs. The major focus of this study is to show the tensions that accompany the attempts to bring international labor and trade systems into closer cooperation. Especially the divisions between the developed and developing countries are examined. This study looks at these issues from the liberal perspective. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the trade and labor systems exploring their structures, major objectives and principles. It looks at the documents, reports and conference materials to find the provisions and stances that regard the linkages between labor and trade. Also, an overview of relevant literature is offered to show major concepts there presented. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)Dept. of History, Philosophy, and Political Science. Paper copy at Leddy Library: Theses & Major Papers - Basement, West Bldg. / Call Number: Thesis2004 .M55. Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 43-03, page: 0729. Adviser: Anna Lanoszka. Thesis (M.A.)--University of Windsor (Canada), 2004

Secret language in oral and graphic form : Religious-magic discourse in Aztec speeches and manuscripts

Abstract The aim of this study is to analyze the linguistic "magical-religious" register of the Nahua people, designated as such because it was used for communication with the sacred realm. In this respect, it represents one of the "sacred languages," as classified by Zumthor (1983:53). Since such registers are less liable to change, they permit the reconstruction--although always imperfectly--of this type of speech as it existed immediately prior to the arrival of the Europeans and in addition the decipherment of (at least some) of the characteristic elements of Nahua oral tradition. In the discussion that follows we develop a hypothesis, namely that in the Mesoamerican codices that focus on calendar-religious subjects, in other words on matters strictly linked to the supernatural world, a similar magical-religious register should be evident. Far from considering the information presented in these sources as resulting from the direct transcription of oral language, my idea is that the graphic form represents elements emblematic of orality, although adapted to this particular context for expression.Quotation marks removed from title to ensure alphabetical order. Difference as follows; "Secret Language" in Oral and Graphic Form: Religious-Magic Discourse in Aztec Speeches and Manuscript

Навчання лексики дітей у ранньому шкільному віці у польських школах Великої Британії (Teaching lexis to young children -the case of Polish supplementary school in Great Britain)

Стаття є спробою проаналізувати як вчителі польської мови вчать лексики дітей у ранньому шкільному віці у суботніх школах Великої Британії. Текст складається з теоретичної частини та дослідницької, котра представляє результати анкетних досліджень. Закінченням статті є пропозиції автора, котрі випливають з проведених досліджень. (The article presents what methods and techniques are used to teach lexis to young children in Polish supplementary schools in Great Britain for whom Polish is either the first or the second language. It is assumed, that in Great Britain there are over 140 supplementary schools, where there are 11 000 students. The article consists of a theoretical part and a research one. The first part describes the Polish supplementary education in Great Britain and the most important issues concerning process of language acquisition and learning (Piaget’s ognitive theory, Vygotsky’s cognitive theory of human cultural and bio-social development, E.Ericoson’s theory on psychosocial developement in the school time). Besides, the article gives, accordingly, a general overview of child development in the early school years and of its consequences for the teaching process. The reasearch part presents the results of an elaborated survey. It was made by using questionnaires filled in by 41 Polish teachers, who live in the United Kingdom. The questionnaire was divided into three main parts and had 14 questions.

How blue light affect sleep

  Many external factors affect human sleep. One of them is visible light. Its effect on the human body consists in synchronizing the biological clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus with the 24-hour solar cycle. The short fraction of light waves perceived by humans as blue waves is the strongest factor that synchronizes the circadian system, which maintains the internal homeostasis of many biological and psychological rhythms. This impact depends on the amount, duration and time of exposure to blue light during the day. Exposure to blue light during the day is important for inhibiting the secretion of melatonin, a hormone produced by the pineal gland and playing a key role in entraining the circadian rhythm. While exposure to blue light is essential for maintaining the body's well-being, alertness, and cognitive abilities during the day, chronic exposure to low-intensity blue light right before bedtime can have serious consequences for sleep quality, circadian phase, and cycle duration. That is why the right amount and the right time of exposure to blue light are so important