Stability of oligosaccharides derived from lactulose during the processing of milk and apple juice

The scientific evidence on the bioactivity of oligosaccharides from lactulose has encouraged us to study their physicochemical modifications during the processing of milk and apple juice. The carbohydrate fraction with a degree of polymerization ≥3 was stable in milk heated at temperatures up to 100°C for 30 min and in apple juice heated up to 90°C for 15 min. An assessment of the Maillard reaction in heated milk pointed out a higher formation of furosine in milk with oligosaccharides from lactulose as compared to its counterpart without this ingredient, due to a higher presence of galactose. The organoleptic properties of juice with oligosaccharides from lactulose were acceptable and similar to those of apple juice with commercial galactooligosaccharides. The results presented herein demonstrate that oligosaccharides from lactulose can be used as prebiotic ingredients in a wide range of functional foods, including those intended for diabetics and lactose intolerant individuals.This work has been supported by project AGL2011-27884 from Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad.Peer Reviewe

Rapid transcriptional plasticity of duplicated gene clusters enables a clonally reproducing aphid to colonise diverse plant species

Background: The prevailing paradigm of host-parasite evolution is that arms races lead to increasing specialisation via genetic adaptation. Insect herbivores are no exception and the majority have evolved to colonise a small number of closely related host species. Remarkably, the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, colonises plant species across 40 families and single M. persicae clonal lineages can colonise distantly related plants. This remarkable ability makes M. persicae a highly destructive pest of many important crop species. Results: To investigate the exceptional phenotypic plasticity of M. persicae, we sequenced the M. persicae genome and assessed how one clonal lineage responds to host plant species of different families. We show that genetically identical individuals are able to colonise distantly related host species through the differential regulation of genes belonging to aphid-expanded gene families. Multigene clusters collectively upregulate in single aphids within two days upon host switch. Furthermore, we demonstrate the functional significance of this rapid transcriptional change using RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knock-down of genes belonging to the cathepsin B gene family. Knock-down of cathepsin B genes reduced aphid fitness, but only on the host that induced upregulation of these genes. Conclusions: Previous research has focused on the role of genetic adaptation of parasites to their hosts. Here we show that the generalist aphid pest M. persicae is able to colonise diverse host plant species in the absence of genetic specialisation. This is achieved through rapid transcriptional plasticity of genes that have duplicated during aphid evolution

Learning Dynamics with Synchronous, Asynchronous and General Semantics

International audienceLearning from interpretation transition (LFIT) automatically constructs a model of the dynamics of a system from the observation of its state transitions. So far, the systems that LFIT handles are restricted to synchronous deterministic dynamics, i.e., all variables update their values at the same time and, for each state of the system, there is only one possible next state. However, other dynamics exist in the field of logical modeling, in particular the asynchronous semantics which is widely used to model biological systems. In this paper, we focus on a method that learns the dynamics of the system independently of its semantics. For this purpose, we propose a modeling of multi-valued systems as logic programs in which a rule represents what can occurs rather than what will occurs. This modeling allows us to represent non-determinism and to propose an extension of LFIT in the form of a semantics free algorithm to learn from discrete multi-valued transitions, regardless of their update schemes. We show through theoretical results that synchronous, asynchronous and general semantics are all captured by this method. Practical evaluation is performed on randomly generated systems and benchmarks from biological literature to study the scalabil-ity of this new algorithm regarding the three aforementioned semantics

Combining Knowledge and Metrics to Control Software Quality Factors

The LESD project (Linguistic Engineering for Software Development) aimed to develop computing tools for analysis and reasoning on functional or preliminary specifications of aerospace software written in English

Certifying Standard and Stratified Datalog Inference Engines in SSReflect

International audienceWe propose a SSReflect library for logic programming in the Datalog setting. As part of this work, we give a first mechanization of standard Datalog and of its extension with stratified negation. The library contains a formalization of the model theoretical and fix-point semantics of the languages, implemented through bottom-up and, respectively, through stratified evaluation procedures. We provide corresponding soundness, termination, completeness and model minimality proofs. To this end, we rely on the Coq proof assistant and SSReflect. In this context, we also construct a preliminary framework for dealing with stratified programs. We consider this to be a necessary first step towards the certification of security-aware data-centric applications