From " Uncertifiable " medical practice to the Berlin Clinic of women doctors: the medical career of Franziska Tiburtius (M. D. Zürich,1876 )

Problems in gender expectations and relationships complicated increasing professionalization of medical arts at an important point of transformation toward the modern industrial European state. Subordination of women's work in these processes altered possible outcomes for German society in general and for female medical careers in particular. Franziska Tiburtius was one of twenty German women graduated from the caeducational medical school in Zürich, Switzerland, in the nineteenth century. She was a founder of the Clinic of Women Doctors despite prohibitions against certifying women as physicians. Imperial Germany was the last Western nation to admit women to full medical practice in 1899

Systematic study of quaternary ammonium cations for bromine sequestering application in high energy density electrolytes for hydrogen bromine redox flow batteries

Bromine complexing agents (BCAs) are used to reduce the vapor pressure of bromine in the aqueous electrolytes of bromine flow batteries. BCAs bind hazardous, volatile bromine by forming a second, heavy liquid fused salt. The properties of BCAs in a strongly acidic bromine electrolyte are largely unexplored. A total of 38 different quaternary ammonium halides are investigated ex situ regarding their properties and applicability in bromine electrolytes as BCAs. The focus is on the development of safe and performant HBr/Br$_{2}$/H$_{2}$O electrolytes with a theoretical capacity of 180 Ah L$^{-1}$ for hydrogen bromine redox flow batteries (H$_{2}$/Br$_{2}$-RFB). Stable liquid fused salts, moderate bromine complexation, large conductivities and large redox potentials in the aqueous phase of the electrolytes are investigated in order to determine the most applicable BCA for this kind of electrolyte. A detailed study on the properties of BCA cations in these parameters is provided for the first time, as well as for electrolyte mixtures at different states of charge of the electrolyte. 1-ethylpyridin-1-ium bromide [C$_{2}$Py]Br is selected from 38 BCAs based on its properties as a BCA that should be focused on for application in electrolytes for H$_{2}$/Br$_{2}$-RFB in the future

A phylogenetic estimate for golden moles (Mammalia, Afrotheria, Chrysochloridae).

BACKGROUND: Golden moles (Chrysochloridae) are small, subterranean, afrotherian mammals from South Africa and neighboring regions. Of the 21 species now recognized, some (e.g., Chrysochloris asiatica, Amblysomus hottentotus) are relatively common, whereas others (e.g., species of Chrysospalax, Cryptochloris, Neamblysomus) are rare and endangered. Here, we use a combined analysis of partial sequences of the nuclear GHR gene and morphological characters to derive a phylogeny of species in the family Chrysochloridae. RESULTS: Although not all nodes of the combined analysis have high support values, the overall pattern of relationships obtained from different methods of phylogeny reconstruction allow us to make several recommendations regarding the current taxonomy of golden moles. We elevate Huetia to generic status to include the species leucorhinus and confirm the use of the Linnean binomial Carpitalpa arendsi, which belongs within Amblysominae along with Amblysomus and Neamblysomus. A second group, Chrysochlorinae, includes Chrysochloris, Cryptochloris, Huetia, Eremitalpa, Chrysospalax, and Calcochloris. Bayesian methods make chrysochlorines paraphyletic by placing the root within them, coinciding with root positions favored by a majority of randomly-generated outgroup taxa. Maximum Parsimony (MP) places the root either between chrysochlorines and amblysomines (with Chlorotalpa as sister taxon to amblysomines), or at Chlorotalpa, with the former two groups reconstructed as monophyletic in all optimal MP trees. CONCLUSIONS: The inclusion of additional genetic loci for this clade is important to confirm our taxonomic results and resolve the chrysochlorid root. Nevertheless, our optimal topologies support a division of chrysochlorids into amblysomines and chrysochlorines, with Chlorotalpa intermediate between the two. Furthermore, evolution of the chrysochlorid malleus exhibits homoplasy. The elongate malleus has evolved just once in the Cryptochloris-Chrysochloris group; other changes in shape have occurred at multiple nodes, regardless of how the root is resolved.RIGHTS : This article is licensed under the BioMed Central licence at http://www.biomedcentral.com/about/license which is similar to the 'Creative Commons Attribution Licence'. In brief you may : copy, distribute, and display the work; make derivative works; or make commercial use of the work - under the following conditions: the original author must be given credit; for any reuse or distribution, it must be made clear to others what the license terms of this work are

Evolutionary Divergence of Duplicate Copies of the Growth Hormone Gene in Suckers (Actinopterygii: Catostomidae)

Catostomid fishes (suckers) have duplicate copies of the growth hormone gene and other nuclear genes, due to a genome duplication event early in the group’s history. Yet, paralogs of GH in suckers are more than 90% conserved in nucleotide (nt) and amino acid (aa) sequence. Within paralogs across species, variation in nt and aa sequence averages 3.33% and 4.46% for GHI, and 3.22% and 2.43% for GHII, respectively. Selection tests suggest that the two GH paralogs are under strong purifying selection. Consensus trees from phylogenetic analysis of GH coding region data for 23 species of suckers, other cypriniform fishes and outgroups resolved cypriniform relationships and relationships among GHI sequences of suckers more or less consistently with analyses based on other molecular data. However, the analysis failed to resolve all sucker GHI and GHII sequences as monophyletic sister groups. This unexpected topology did not differ significantly from topologies constrained to make all GH sequences monophyletic. We attribute this result either to limitations in our GHII data set or convergent adaptive changes in GHII of tribe Catostomini

A transient presence: black visitors and sojourners in Imperial Germany, 1884-1914

The onset of German colonial rule in Africa brought increasing numbers of Black men and women to Germany. Pre-1914 the vast majority of these Africans can best be described as visitors or sojourners and the Black population as a whole was a transient one. This makes recovering their presence in the archival record exceptionally difficult and it is not surprising that the existing historiography almost exclusively focuses on individual biographies of well documented lives. Through utilising a number of newly digitised archival materials, particularly the Hamburg Passenger Lists, this article draws upon a database with information on 1092 individuals from sub-Saharan Africa who spent time in Germany over the period 1884-1914 in order to add considerable bread and depth to our understanding of the Black presence as a whole. It provides increasing empirical detail about the make-up and character of this fluid population - where visitors came from, why they came to Germany, their age on arrival - as well as more accurate detail on the temporal and, to a lesser extent, spatial distribution of visitors

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

Méthode de détermination de l'orientation d'un cristal, de réseau connu, à partir d'un diagramme de Weissenberg sans cache

Meyer Paulette. Méthode de détermination de l'orientation d'un cristal, de réseau connu, à partir d'un diagramme de Weissenberg sans cache. In: Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie, volume 96, 1, 1973. pp. 72-73

From " Uncertifiable " medical practice to the Berlin Clinic of women doctors: the medical career of Franziska Tiburtius (M. D. Zürich,1876 )

Problems in gender expectations and relationships complicated increasing professionalization of medical arts at an important point of transformation toward the modern industrial European state. Subordination of women's work in these processes altered possible outcomes for German society in general and for female medical careers in particular. Franziska Tiburtius was one of twenty German women graduated from the caeducational medical school in Zürich, Switzerland, in the nineteenth century. She was a founder of the Clinic of Women Doctors despite prohibitions against certifying women as physicians. Imperial Germany was the last Western nation to admit women to full medical practice in 1899

Détermination du réseau de phases très instables du nitrate de potassium et du chlorate de sodium

The lattice and the unit cell dimensions of two unstable phases at ordinary temperature have been determined from unoriented crystals, using unscreened Weissenberg diagrams. For KNO₃ we find a monoclinic c-centred lattice. The unit cell dimensions are : a = 6.8 Å, b = 5.6 Å, c = 4.3 Å, β = 100°. For NaClO₃ the lattice is also monoclinic c-centred : a = 13.3 Å, b = 10.8 Å, c = 12.5 Å, β = 100°.Le réseau et les paramètres de deux phases instables à température ordinaire ont été déterminés à partir d'un cristal non orienté, par un diagramme de Weissenberg sans cache. Nous trouvons, pour KNO₃ un réseau monoclinique à base centrée, de paramètres : a = 6,8 Å, b = 5,6 Å, c = 4,3 Å, β = 100°. Pour Na Cl O₃ le réseau est également monoclinique à base centrée avec a = 13,3 Å, b = 10,8 Å, c = 12,5 Å, β = 100°.Meyer Paulette. Détermination du réseau de phases très instables du nitrate de potassium et du chlorate de sodium. In: Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie, volume 95, 5, 1972. pp. 541-547

Étude structurale d'une phase haute température instable du chlorate de sodium

On cooling melted NaClO₃, a monoclinic phase P2₁/a with a = 8,78, b = 5,17, c = 6,83 Å, β = 110°, Z = 4, grows between 260 and 255° C. The X-Ray study of the structure shows that it is similar to that of KClO₃ and that Na is surrounded by 9 oxygen atoms. This fact explains the narrowness of the domain.Par cristallisation du chlorate de sodium fondu, entre 255 et 260° C, il se forme une phase monoclinique, de groupe spatial P2₁/a avec a = 8,78, b = 5,17, c = 6,83 Å, β = 110°, Z = 4. L'étude aux rayons X de la structure de cette phase montre qu'elle est proche de celle de KClO₃, et que Na est entouré de neuf atomes d'oxygène. Ceci pourrait expliquer l'étroitesse du domaine de stabilité.Meyer Paulette, Gasperin Madeleine. Étude structurale d'une phase haute température instable du chlorate de sodium. In: Bulletin de la Société française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie, volume 96, 1, 1973. pp. 18-20