NORMATIVE HORIZONS: READING ENSLAVED AFRICANS’ AUTONOMY THROUGH PRIMARY SOURCES IN COLONIAL BRAZIL

This essay is an exploration of historical knowledge: how it is authored and, more importantly, how we can access it. Through in-depth inspection and careful combination of primary source documents from 1690 to 1806, the text is a result of my attempts to reconstruct Brazilian slave autonomy as a kind of historical knowledge. Disassembling the language that framed colonial encounters, I argue that historical knowledge from primary texts must first be framed within the everyday ‘encounters’ of others in 18th century Brazil social life. Utilising a socially situated textual analysis, the essay accesses the often overwritten autonomy of slaves through historical documents: (1) the text of a friar writing on slaves’ fantastic religious accomplishments, (2) two colonial mandates prohibiting slaves’ promiscuous and suggestive fashions, (3) a history of slave rebellion against colonial powers and (4) a list of demands composed by slaves offered as a peace treaty to their owner. Through exploring the ‘normative horizons’ of the authorial point-of-view of each text, what follows is not merely an ethnohistorical experiment in accessing historical knowledge, but an ethnographic exposition in imagining the lives and futures of slaves in the past

Tropical Pacific spatial trend patterns in observed sea level: internal variability and/or anthropogenic signature?

In this study we focus on the sea level trend pattern observed by satellite altimetry in the tropical Pacific over the 1993–2009 time span (i.e. 17 yr). Our objective is to investigate whether this 17-yr-long trend pattern was different before the altimetry era, what was its spatio-temporal variability and what have been its main drivers. We try to discriminate the respective roles of the internal variability of the climate system and of external forcing factors, in particular anthropogenic emissions (greenhouse gases and aerosols). On the basis of a 2-D past sea level reconstruction over 1950–2009 (based on a combination of observations and ocean modelling) and multi-century control runs (i.e. with constant, preindustrial external forcing) from eight coupled climate models, we have investigated how the observed 17-yr sea level trend pattern evolved during the last decades and centuries, and try to estimate the characteristic time scales of its variability. For that purpose, we have computed sea level trend patterns over successive 17-yr windows (i.e. the length of the altimetry record), both for the 60-yr long reconstructed sea level and the model runs. We find that the 2-D sea level reconstruction shows spatial trend patterns similar to the one observed during the altimetry era. The pattern appears to have fluctuated with time with a characteristic time scale of the order of 25–30 yr. The same behaviour is found in multi-centennial control runs of the coupled climate models. A similar analysis is performed with 20th century coupled climate model runs with complete external forcing (i.e. solar plus volcanic variability and changes in anthropogenic forcing). Results suggest that in the tropical Pacific, sea level trend fluctuations are dominated by the internal variability of the ocean–atmosphere coupled system. While our analysis cannot rule out any influence of anthropogenic forcing, it concludes that the latter effect in that particular region is stillhardly detectable

Harga Diri Dan Interaksi Sosial Pada Remaja Panti Asuhan Dan Remaja Yang Tinggal Bersama Keluarga Di Kabupaten Purbalingga

Remaja memiliki kebutuhan yang tinggi untuk dapat diterima oleh kawan sebayanya, melalui kebutuhan tersebut terciptalah interaksi sosial. Komunikasi merupakan syarat terjadinya interaksi sosial, individu yang memiliki harga diri rendah akan mengalami kesulitan untuk mengomunikasikan gagasanya kepada orang-orang disekitar sehingga berpengaruh pada kemampuan interaksi sosial individu. Lingkungan dapat mempengaruhi tingkah laku individu termasuk salah satunya adalah interaksi sosial. Penelitian ini memiliki dua tujuan. Penelitian ini menggunakan harga diri sebagai variabel predictor dan interaksi sosial sebagai variabel kriterium. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat hubungan antara harga diri dan interaksi sosial pada remaja. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah remaja yang tinggal di panti asuhan dan tinggal bersama keluarga dengan kisaran usia 11-24 tahun. Jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 349 remaja yang dipilih menggunakan teknik sampling cluster sampling. Analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan uji regresi linear sederhana dan uji beda independent t-test. Berdasarkan analisis statistik menggunakan uji regresi linear sederhana diperoleh koefisien korelasi sebesar 0,656 dengan p=0,000 (p < 0,05). Nilai koefisien korelasi menunjukan adanya hubungan antara harga diri dan interaksi sosial pada remaja

Cultura popular latinoamericana y creación literaria. A. Aportes para el análisis de los procesos de diglosia

Ningun

The Use of Socratic Seminar in Teaching Speaking on Hortatory Exposition Text

This research was conducted to the eleventh grade students of SMA Negeri 2 Pontianak in academic year 2013/2014. The purposes are to know whether or not the use of Socratic Seminar technique effective in teaching speaking on hortatory exposition text and to know how significant the effectiveness of the use of Socratic Seminar is in improving students\u27 speaking on hortatory exposition text. A Quasi-experimental with non-equivalent control group design was used by the writer as the research method. Cluster sampling is the technique sampling and the samples of this research were class IPA 3 as the experimental group and class IPA 4 as the control group. The computation of t-test is higher than t-table, thereforethe alternative hypothesis is accepted. The effect size of the treatment was 0.99 and it was qualified as very strong. The results of this research arethe Socratic Seminar technique is effective andstrong effect toward students\u27 speaking achievement

XMM-Newton observation of the brightest X-ray flare detected so far from SgrA*

We report the high S/N observation on October 3, 2002 with XMM-Newton of the brightest X-ray flare detected so far from SgrA* with a duration shorter than one hour (~ 2.7 ks). The light curve is almost symmetrical with respect to the peak flare, and no significant difference between the soft and hard X-ray range is detected. The overall flare spectrum is well represented by an absorbed power-law with a soft photon spectral index of Gamma=2.5+/-0.3, and a peak 2-10 keV luminosity of 3.6 (+0.3-0.4) x 10^35 erg/s, i.e. a factor 160 higher than the Sgr A* quiescent value. No significant spectral change during the flare is observed. This X-ray flare is very different from other bright flares reported so far: it is much brighter and softer. The present accurate determination of the flare characteristics challenge the current interpretation of the physical processes occuring inside the very close environment of SgrA* by bringing very strong constraints for the theoretical flare models.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A Letters. 4 pages, 2 figures, 1 table

Blocking of Acquisition But Not Expression of Conditioned Fear-Potentiated Startle by NMDA Antagonists in the Amygdala

Assessed the role of N-methyl-{d}-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the amygdala in associative fear conditioning. 132 rats were implanted with cannulae aimed at the basolateral amygdaloid nuclei, while 13 controls had cannulae aimed at the interpositus nuclei of the cerebellum. NMDA antagonists infused into the amygdala blocked the acquisition, but not the expression, of fear conditioning measured with a behavioral assay mediated by a defined neural circuit (fear-potentiation of the acoustic startle reflex). This effect showed anatomical and pharmacological specificity, and was not attributable to reduced salience of the stimuli of light or shock used in training. An NMDA-dependent process in the amygdala was critical for associative fear conditioning

Towards transforming community eye care: an observational study and time-series analysis of optometrists' prescribing for eye disorders

Objectives: This study aimed to provide evidence on the therapeutic prescribing activity by community optometrists in Scotland and to determine its impact on workload in general practice and ophthalmology clinics. Study design: Scottish administrative healthcare data for a 53-month period (November 2013–April 2018) were used to analyse non-medical prescribing practice by optometrists. Methods: Using interrupted time-series regression (Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average), we assessed the impact of optometrist prescribing on ophthalmology outpatient attendances and general practice prescribing for eye disorders. Results: A total of 54,246 items were prescribed by 205 optometrists over the study period. Since the commencement of data recording, optometrist prescribing activity increased steadily from a baseline of zero to 1.2% of all ophthalmic items prescribed. Neither the monthly number of items prescribed nor the size of optometric workforce were associated with a reduction in ophthalmology outpatient appointments over time. Conclusions: Optometrists increasingly contribute to community ophthalmic prescribing in Scotland, releasing capacity and lessening general practice, but not secondary care workload. There appears to be an underutilisation of optometrists related to the management of dry eye, which represents an opportunity to release further capacity