Embedded star clusters as sources of high-energy cosmic rays: Modelling and constraints

Massive stars are mainly found in stellar associations. These massive star clusters occur in the heart of giant molecular clouds. The strong stellar wind activity in these objects generates large bubbles and induces collective effects that could accelerate particles up to high energy and produce gamma rays. The best way to input an acceleration origin to the stellar wind interaction in massive stellar cluster is to observe young massive star clusters in which no supernova explosion has occurred yet. This work aims to constrain the part of stellar wind mechanical energy that is converted into energetic particles using the sensitivity of the ongoing Fermi/LAT instrument. This work further provides detailed predictions of expected gamma-ray fluxes in the view of the on-set of the next generation of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. A one-zone model where energetic particles are accelerated by repeated interactions with strong supersonic shocks occurring in massive star clusters was developed. The particle escape from the star cluster and subsequent interaction with the surrounding dense material and magnetic fields of the HII region was computed. We applied this model to a selection of eight embedded star clusters constricted by existing observations. We evaluated the gamma-ray signal from each object, combining both leptonic and hadronic contributions. We searched for these emissions in the Fermi/LAT observations in the energy range from 3 to 300 GeV and compared them to the sensitivity of the Cherenkov Telescope Array. No significant gamma-ray emission from these star clusters has been found. Less than 10% of stellar wind luminosities are supplied to the relativistic particles. Some clusters even show acceleration efficiency of less than 1%. The CTA would be able to detect gamma-ray emission from several clusters in the case of an acceleration efficiency of close to 1%.Comment: accepted for publication in Astronomy&Astrophysic

Peptide synthesis: ball-milling, in solution, or on solid support, what is the best strategy?

International audienceWhile presenting particularly interesting advantages, peptide synthesis by ball-milling was never compared to the two traditional strategies, namely peptide syntheses in solution and on solid support (solid-phase peptide synthesis, SPPS). In this study, the challenging VVIA tetrapeptide was synthesized by ball-milling, in solution, and on solid support. The three strategies were then compared in terms of yield, purity, reaction time and environmental impact. The results obtained enabled to draw some strengths and weaknesses of each strategy, and to foresee what will have to be implemented to build more efficient and sustainable peptide syntheses in the near future

A large-scale species level dated angiosperm phylogeny for evolutionary and ecological analyses.

Phylogenies are a central and indispensable tool for evolutionary and ecological research. Even though most angiosperm families are well investigated from a phylogenetic point of view, there are far less possibilities to carry out large-scale meta-analyses at order level or higher. Here, we reconstructed a large-scale dated phylogeny including nearly 1/8th of all angiosperm species, based on two plastid barcoding genes, matK (incl. trnK) and rbcL. Novel sequences were generated for several species, while the rest of the data were mined from GenBank. The resulting tree was dated using 56 angiosperm fossils as calibration points. The resulting megaphylogeny is one of the largest dated phylogenetic tree of angiosperms yet, consisting of 36,101 sampled species, representing 8,399 genera, 426 families and all orders. This novel framework will be useful for investigating different broad scale research questions in ecological and evolutionary biology

Etude de la nature des rayons cosmiques d'ultra haute énergie à partir des premières données de l'Observatoire Pierre Auger

Du fait de leur faible flux, l'existence des rayons cosmiques d'ultra haute énergie (RCUHE, E>$10^(18)$\,\textrm(eV)) est une énigme depuis plus d'un demi siècle. On ne connaît en effet ni leur origine, ni leur nature, ni même l'énergie maximale qu'ils peuvent atteindre. Pour obtenir une statistique suffisante et répondre à ces questions, l'Observatoire Pierre AUGER est actuellement en construction en Argentine et sera à terme complété par un deuxième détecteur au Colorado afin de scruter le ciel de l'hémisphère nord. L'origine et la nature des RCUHE étant liées, l'identification du primaire est une étape cruciale pour valider, réfuter ou contraindre les nombreux modèles théoriques capables d'expliquer leur production. En particulier, la présence de photons ou de neutrinos peut être la signature de modèles impliquant de la nouvelle physique (défauts topologiques, particules supermassives...). Le travail de cette thèse s'insère donc dans ce cadre en cherchant à identifier la nature des RCUHE observés par l'observatoire depuis le mois de janvier 2004. Après avoir récapitulé les résultats des expériences précédentes et présenté les méthodes de détection, ce manuscrit décrit les modèles théoriques en soulignant le type de particules de haute énergie qu'ils peuvent produire. La partie suivante traite des différentes méthodes utilisées par l'observatoire pour permettre l'identification du primaire par la gerbe qu'il crée dans l'atmosphère. Divers critères sont finalement testés sur des simulations puis utilisés dans une analyse qui a permis d'estimer la composition hadronique et de chercher la présence de photons parmi les RCUHE.NI

No magic wand for teaching physics

International audienc

Influences des concepts et des pratiques de Gilles Clément

Pour cette première édition, Génie naturel ! Génie humain ?, le paysagiste-jardinier-écrivain Gilles Clément sera entouré de personnalités pour tenter de définir ce qui lie l’humain à son milieu, comment il l’habite, le façonne et interagit avec la nature au-delà de son territoire Le Jardin Planétaire, le Jardin en Mouvement, le Tiers-Paysage… ces concepts qu'a développés Gilles Clément vont au-delà des clôtures de jardin, des limites de territoire ou des horizons de paysages. Ces idées font aussi référence à des notions bien plus globales. Comment ont et vont-elles continuer à influencer notre vision de la société

ps2chitt!ps^2chitt! – A Python package for the modelling of atmoSpheric Showers and CHerenkov Imaging Terrestrial Telescopes

International audienceThe simulation of atmospheric showers through Monte-Carlo processes as well as their projection into Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes (IACT) is long and very computing intensive. As these simulations are the most advanced ones from a physics point of view, they are not suited for simple tests.Here we present a Python package developed in order to model atmospheric showers using different profiles and to image them with an array of IACT. This allows for first order studies of the influence of the primary photon energy and angular direction on the stereoscopic images. Its simplicity also makes it convenient for public dissemination and outreach as well as for teaching purposes.This package has been developed to make the most out of the simplicity of Python but has also been optimised for fast calculations. It is developed in the framework of the ASTERICS H2020 project and as such is available as an open-source software