Influência do uso de palmares e nadadeiras no comportamento do lactato sanguíneo, da frequência cardíaca e do esforço percebido

One of the great challenges for swim coaches is proper control of the training intensity. This issue is more complex when using equipment such as paddles and fins. Among intensity control parameters, blood lactate concentration is the standard for monitoring metabolic responses, and heart rate and perceived effort are practical and inexpensive methods. The aim of this study was to compare blood lactate concentration ([LA]), heart rate (HR) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) in swimming training series without equipment and with paddles and fins. We evaluated 11 swimmers on three different days during sessions in a series of 12 repetitions of 50 m in front crawl. The first session was performed without equipment, maintaining perception exertion at 15 (15 points) of the 6-20 point Borg scale. In the second and third sessions, athletes should swim in the series with: (i) paddles and (ii) fins, at the same swimming speed of the series without equipment, in random order. [LA], HR and RPE at rest (after warm-up and before swimming series) and after the sixth and 12th repetitions were measured and compared. The mean speed for all series was 1.30 ± 0.13 m.s-1; fins and paddles presented lower final [LA] (respectively, 5.9 ± 0.3 and 8.1 ± 0.4 mmol.l-1) and HR values (respectively, 161.1 ± 15, 5 161.1 and 170.3 ± 13.3 170.3 bpm) in comparison to series without equipment (respectively, 10.8 ± 0.7 mmol.l-1 and 178.2 ± 4.3 bpm). Fins had lower final RPE values (12.5 ± 0.6 points) in relation to series without equipment (15.8 ± 0.2 points) and similar values in relation to swimming with paddles. Swimming series with equipment produced lower physiological demands in relation to swimming without equipment if performed at the same swimming speed as swimming without equipment.Um dos grandes desafios para treinadores de natação é o adequado controle da intensidade de treino. Essa questão é mais complexa quando utilizados equipamentos como palmares e nadadeiras. Dentre os parâmetros de controle de intensidade, a concentração sanguínea de lactato [LA] é padrão para acompanhamento de respostas metabólicas, e a frequência cardíaca (FC) e o esforço percebido (EP) são métodos práticos e baratos. Esse estudo teve como objetivo comparar a concentração sanguínea de lactato, a frequência cardíaca e o esforço percebido em série de treinamento de natação sem equipamentos, com palmares ou com nadadeiras. Foram avaliados 11 nadadores em três diferentes dias durante série de 12 repetições de 50 m nado crawl. A primeira foi realizada sem equipamentos mantendo a percepção relativa ao escore 15 da escala de 6 a 20 pontos de Borg. A segunda e terceira séries os atletas realizavam (i) utilizando palmares e (ii) utilizando nadadeiras, na mesma velocidade de nado da série sem equipamentos, em ordem aleatória. Foram mensuradas e comparadas [LA], FC e EP nos momentos repouso (pós-aquecimento e antes da série), após a sexta e a 12ª repetições. A velocidade média para todas as séries foi de1,30 ± 0,13 m.s-1; nadadeiras e palmares apresentaram menores valores finais de [LA] (respectivamente, 5,9 ± 0,3 e 8,1 ± 0,4 mmol.l-1) e de FC (respectivamente, 161,1 ± 15,5 e 170,3 ± 13,3 bpm) em relação ao nado sem equipamentos (respectivamente, 10,8 ± 0,7 mmol.l-1 e 178,2 ± 4,3 bpm). O nado com nadadeiras apresentou menores valores finais de EP (12,5 ± 0,6 pontos) em relação ao nado sem equipamentos (15,8 ± 0,2 pontos) e similares valores em relação ao nado com palmares. Séries de natação com equipamentos produzem menores demandas fisiológicas em relação ao nado sem equipamentos se realizadas na mesma velocidade de nado que o nado sem equipamentos

Avaliação de sistemas de tratamento de águas em recirculação no processamento dos frutos do cafeeiro

This study was carried out in order to evaluate treatment systems for removal of solids and organic material of the water (ARC) in way to make possible its recirculation in the coffee fruits processing. The recirculation of ARC was operated in four circuits: short circuit, without screen (CC-SP), when the ARC was recirculated without any treatment; short circuit, with screen (CC-CP), when the ARC went by a pressurized mesh screen; long circuit, without screen (CL-SP), when the ARC went by a decantation tank; and long circuit, with screen (CL-CP), when the ARC went by pressurized mesh screen and later for the decantation tank. The screen, included to ARC treatment system, showed low efficiency in removing CE, ST, SS, DBO and DQO, not resulting in significant effects in the quality of the water in recirculation. However, the decantation tank was more efficient in the removal of the analyzed variables. The circuit CL-CP presented small increment in the removal efficiencies, compared to CL-SP, not justifying the inclusion of the screen in the process. Thus the obtained data evidence the application only the decantation tank is sufficient in the ARC treatment for recirculation in the coffee fruits (Coffea arabica L.) processing.Objetivou-se, com a realização deste trabalho, avaliar a eficiência de sistemas de tratamento na remoção de sólidos e material orgânico da água utilizada no processamento de frutos do cafeeiro (ARC), de modo a possibilitar sua recirculação. O sistema de recirculação da ARC foi operado em quatro circuitos: circuito curto, sem peneira (CC-SP), no qual a ARC era recirculada sem nenhum tratamento; circuito curto, com peneira (CC-CP), no qual a ARC passava por uma peneira pressurizada de malha; circuito longo, sem peneira (CL-SP), no qual a ARC passava por um tanque de decantação; e circuito longo, com peneira (CL-CP), no qual a ARC passava pela peneira de malha e depois pelo tanque de decantação. A peneira, incluída ao sistema de tratamento da ARC, apresentou baixa eficiência na remoção de CE, ST, SS, DBO e DQO, não resultando em efeitos significativos na qualidade da água em recirculação. Entretanto, o tanque de decantação foi eficiente na remoção das variáveis analisadas. O circuito CL-CP apresentou pequeno acréscimo nas eficiências de remoção, quando comparado ao CL-SP, não justificando a inclusão da peneira de malha no processo. Com base nos resultados obtidos, verificou-se que apenas o tanque de decantação é suficiente no tratamento da ARC, para fins de sua recirculação no processamento dos frutos do cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L.)

Horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands for mitigation of ametryn-contaminated water

The feasibility of using constructed wetlands (CWs) for the mitigation of pesticide runoff has been studied in the last decade. However, a lack of related data was verified when subsurface flow constructed wetlands (SSF CWs) are considered for this purpose. In the present work, SSF CWs were submitted to continuous ametryn addition and evaluated during an I I-week period, with the aim of determining the feasibility of these systems for mitigation of contaminated water. Ametryn was not added to one CW cell in order to provide a control for the experiments. Monitoring of treatment performance was executed by standard water quality parameters, ametryn chromatography quantification and macrophyte (Typha latifolia L) nutritional and agronomic property analysis. Results indicated that 39% of the total initially added amount of ametryn was removed, transferred or transformed. Herbicide metabolism and mineralisation were carried out by chemical and biological mechanisms. No statistic differences were observed in nutritional contents found in the T. latifolia crops of the CWs after the experimental period. Moreover, the biomass production (one valuable source of renewable energy) was equal to 3.3 t.ha(-1) (dry matter) in wetland cells. It was concluded that constructed wetland systems are capable of mitigating water contaminated with ametryn, acting as buffer filters between the emission sources and the downstream superficial water bodies

Armazenamento de bulbos de cebola sob diferentes taxas de aeração intermitente

Onion bulbs were stored in 0.56 m diameter x 2.15 m height silos as bulk in 2.0 m height layer of bulbs under intermittent air flows of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m3.min-1.m-3. Bulbs were stored during three months, receiving daily periods of aeration, whose length was determined by the exhaustion air psychrometric conditions. The flow rates and the period of storage tested did not affect the bulbs humidity content; however, the flow of 0.5 m3.min-1.m-3 induced an increase in the skin humidity after 60 days of storage. Air flow of 0.5 m3.min-1.m-3 was insufficient to allow over 60 days storage period, however flows of 1.0 and 1.5 m3.min-1.m-3 decreased the percentage of bulb deterioration and prolonged the postharvest life when compared to the lower flow rate. Under the two higher flow rate, total mass lost was 20.7% after 88 days of storage.Bulbos de cebola foram armazenados em três silos de 0,56 m de diâmetro x 2,15 m de altura, perfazendo colunas de bulbos com 2,0 m altura e submetidos a aerações intermitentes com taxas de vazão de 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5 m3.min-1.m-3 de cebola, respectivamente. O produto permaneceu armazenado por três meses, recebendo aerações diárias por períodos determinados pelas condições psicrométricas do ar atmosférico. Ao final do armazenamento foram avaliados os percentuais de perda de massa, bulbos deteriorados, brotados e enraizados por camada de bulbos. As taxas de aeração e o armazenamento não afetaram os teores de umidade dos bulbos, porém com fluxo de 0,5 m3.min-1.m-3 houve aumento significativo da umidade das películas externas dos bulbos aos 60 dias após o início do experimento. Aerações diárias com vazão de 0,5 m3.min-1.m-3 foram insuficientes para promover adequada aeração, porém taxas de aeração de 1,0 e 1,5 m3.min-1.m-3 reduziram as perdas por deterioração, e prolongaram o período de armazenamento do produto. Aos 88 dias a perda total de massa foi de 20,7%

Eficiência de sistemas de aeração em cascatas no tratamento de águas residuárias do café

The issue of this work was to assess the efficiency of aeration systems in cascades for the treatment of wastewater from the processing of coffee fruits. The aeration system was installed in cascades of a level difference of 4.14 m from the ground with 23 steps (height, width and length of 0.18, 0.32 and 0.60 m, respectively.) Samples of influent and effluent, after system operating with three recirculations per day, over a period of 10 days, were analyzed. The average removal efficiency of COD was 28.9 % during the experiment, the removals of total solids, total volatile solids, total suspended solids, volatile suspended solids, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and phenolic compounds were 57.3, 71.6, 26.5, 17.2, 35.7, 62.5, 49.5 and 55 % respectively. The cascade aeration proved to be an important alternative for composition the ARC treatment systems, with a view that is effective means of low cost and relatively fast for the aerobic treatment of organic material present in those wastewaters.Para avaliar a eficiência de sistemas de aeração em cascatas no tratamento de águas residuárias do processamento dos frutos do cafeeiro (ARC), a mesma foi aplicada em cascata com 4,14 m de altura, distribuída em 23 degraus (altura, largura e comprimento de 0,18; 0,32 e 0,60 m, respectivamente). No final da cascata foi instalado um reservatório para recepção/detenção da ARC escoada, de onde, após um tempo de detenção de 3 horas e transferência para um reservatório de distribuição, era recirculada no sistema. Amostras do afluente e efluente, após sistema operar com 3 recirculações por dia, num período de 10 dias, foram coletadas e analisadas. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, pôde-se concluir que a eficiência de remoção média de DQO foi de 28,9 % durante o experimento; as remoções de sólidos totais, sólidos voláteis totais; sólidos suspensos totais, sólidos suspensos voláteis, nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio e compostos fenólicos foram de 57,3; 71,6; 26,5; 17,2; 35,7; 62,5; 49,5 e 55 %, respectivamente. A cascata de aeração mostrou ser importante alternativa para composição de sistemas de tratamento da ARC, tendo em vista que é meio efetivo de baixo custo e de relativamente rápido tratamento aeróbio do material orgânico presente nessas águas residuárias

Modelagem da progressão da DBO obtida na incubação de esgoto doméstico sob diferentes temperaturas

Confiável quantificação da demanda bioquímica de oxigênio exercida (DBO exercida) poderá ser obtida com incubação das amostras sob temperaturas diferentes, desde que o valor da demanda bioquímica de oxigênio última (DBOU) não seja alterado nessas condições. Alguns autores têm relatado aumento no valor da DBOU com a elevação da temperatura de incubação das amostras, o que pode ser decorrente da ocorrência da nitrificação, da aclimatação diferenciada ou do mau ajuste dos modelos de progressão da demanda bioquímica carbonácea de oxigênio (DBO exercida). Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da temperatura sobre a progressão da DBO exercida e o valor da DBOu em amostras de esgoto doméstico bruto, avaliando-se qual modelo melhor se ajusta aos dados obtidos. Os resultados indicaram pequena influência da temperatura de incubação das amostras nos valores da DBOU do esgoto sanitário e que os modelos de primeira e segunda ordens descreveram adequadamente a progressão da DBO exercida.Reliable quantification of biochemical oxygen demand exerted (exerted BOD) can be obtained by incubating samples at different temperatures, since the amount of ultimate biochemical oxygen demand (UBOD) does not change in these conditions. Some authors have found increased UBOD values with rise in temperature of incubating samples, which could be due to the occurrence of nitrification, the acclimatization or the inadequacy of modeling of carbonaceous oxygen demand (exerted BOD) progression. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of temperature on the progression of exerted BOD and UBOD values in samples of raw domestic sewage, checking which model best fits the data. The results indicated low influence of incubating sewage samples temperature on UBOD values, being that both models, first and second order, described properly the exerted BOD progression

QUALIDADE DA ÁGUA SUPERFICIAL DA BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DA LAGOA MIRIM.

O presente trabalho foi realizado no estado de Rio Grande do Sul e teve por objetivo avaliar a qualidade das águas dos principais afluentes da Lagoa Mirim entre os anos de 1996 e 1998, utilizando-se o Índice de Qualidade de Água de Bascarán (IQAb). Como resultados finais, verificou-se que a qualidade hídrica dos afluentes da Lagoa Mirim avaliados foi, no geral, aceitável, tendo como poluente mais impactante em relação à qualidade das águas o fósforo. Além disso, o índice refletiu a realidade ambiental verificada na região, onde é realizada a agricultura intensiva e o lançamento de grande parte dos efluentes domésticos e industriais sem prévio tratamento nos mananciais. Palavras-chave: Índice de Qualidade de Água; Bascarán; monitoramento; rios ABSTRACT Superficial Water Quality of the watershed of the Mirim lake. This study was conducted in the state of Rio Grande of Sul, and had as its objective to evaluate the water quality of the principal tributaries of the Mirim Lake between the years 1996 and 1998, using the Quality Water Index of Bascarán (IQAb). As final results, it was found that the quality of the water of the tributaries of the Mirim Lake was in general acceptable with and the most impressive pollutant regarding the water quality was phosphorus. Moreover, the index reflected the environmental reality found in the region, which has intensive agriculture, and the release of most household and industrial waste without prior treatment in the springs. Key words: Water Quality Index, Bascarán, monitoring, river

Effect of β-blockers on the risk of atrial fibrillation in patients with acute myocardial infarction

INTRODUCTION: Oral &#946;-blockers improve the prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction, while atrial fibrillation worsens the prognosis of this population. The reduction of atrial fibrillation incidence in patients treated with &#946;-blockers could at least in part explain the benefits of this drug. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of &#946;-blockers on the incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients with acute myocardial infarction. METHODS: We analyzed 1401 patients with acute myocardial infarction and evaluated the occurrence or absence of atrial fibrillation, the use of oral &#946;-blockers and mortality during the first 24 hours. RESULTS: a) The use of &#946;-blockers was inversely correlated with the presence of atrial fibrillation (&#961; = 0.004; OR = 0.54). b) Correlations with mortality were as follows: 31.5% in patients with atrial fibrillation, 9.2% in those without atrial fibrillation (&#961; < 0.001; Odds Ratio = 4.52), and 17.5% in patients not treated with &#946;-blockers and 6.7% in those who received the drug (&#961; < 0.001; OR = 0.34). c) Adjusted Models: The presence of atrial fibrillation was independently correlated with mortality (OR = 2.48, &#961; = 0.002). The use of &#946;-blockers was inversely and independently correlated with mortality (OR = 0.53; &#961; = 0.002). The patients who used &#946;-blockers showed a lower risk of atrial fibrillation (OR = 0.59; &#961; = 0.029) in the adjusted model. CONCLUSION: The presence of atrial fibrillation and the absence of oral &#946;-blockers increased in-hospital mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Oral &#946;-blockers reduced the incidence of atrial fibrillation, which might be at least partially responsible for the drug's benefit

Effect of β-Blockers on the Risk of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction

INTRODUCTION: Oral &#946;-blockers improve the prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction, while atrial fibrillation worsens the prognosis of this population. The reduction of atrial fibrillation incidence in patients treated with &#946;-blockers could at least in part explain the benefits of this drug. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of &#946;-blockers on the incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients with acute myocardial infarction. METHODS: We analyzed 1401 patients with acute myocardial infarction and evaluated the occurrence or absence of atrial fibrillation, the use of oral &#946;-blockers and mortality during the first 24 hours. RESULTS: a) The use of &#946;-blockers was inversely correlated with the presence of atrial fibrillation (&#961; = 0.004; OR = 0.54). b) Correlations with mortality were as follows: 31.5% in patients with atrial fibrillation, 9.2% in those without atrial fibrillation (&#961; < 0.001; Odds Ratio = 4.52), and 17.5% in patients not treated with &#946;-blockers and 6.7% in those who received the drug (&#961; < 0.001; OR = 0.34). c) Adjusted Models: The presence of atrial fibrillation was independently correlated with mortality (OR = 2.48, &#961; = 0.002). The use of &#946;-blockers was inversely and independently correlated with mortality (OR = 0.53; &#961; = 0.002). The patients who used &#946;-blockers showed a lower risk of atrial fibrillation (OR = 0.59; &#961; = 0.029) in the adjusted model. CONCLUSION: The presence of atrial fibrillation and the absence of oral &#946;-blockers increased in-hospital mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Oral &#946;-blockers reduced the incidence of atrial fibrillation, which might be at least partially responsible for the drug's benefit