Hablando de fonología

André Martinet relata aquí a su entrevistador una serie de episodios biográficos relacionados con su protagonismo en la historia de la fonología, el surgimiento de algunas de sus ideas fonológicas y la génesis de sus principales obras sobre la materia

＜翻訳＞アンドレ・マルチネ著『ステップから大洋へ : 印欧語と「印欧人」』(その1 : 第I章～第III章)

言語編≪資料≫アンドレ・マルチネ著, 神山孝夫

＜翻訳＞アンドレ・マルチネ著『ステップから大洋へ : 印欧語と「印欧人」』(その3 : 第V章)

言語編≪資料≫アンドレ・マルチネ著, 神山孝夫

＜翻訳＞アンドレ・マルチネ著『ステップから大洋へ : 印欧語と「印欧人」』(その6 : 第IX章(2))

言語編≪資料≫アンドレ・マルチネ著, 神山孝夫

＜翻訳＞アンドレ・マルチネ著『ステップから大洋へ : 印欧語と「印欧人」』(その4 : 第VI-VIII章)

言語編≪資料≫アンドレ・マルチネ著, 神山孝夫

＜翻訳＞アンドレ・マルチネ著『ステップから大洋へ : 印欧語と「印欧人」』(その5 : 第IX章(1))

言語編≪資料≫アンドレ・マルチネ著, 神山孝夫

＜翻訳＞アンドレ・マルチネ著『ステップから大洋へ : 印欧語と「印欧人」』(その2 : 第4章)

言語編≪資料≫アンドレ・マルチネ著, 神山孝夫

DNAM-1 controls NK cell activation via an ITT-like motif

DNAM-1 (CD226) is an activating receptor expressed on natural killer (NK) cells, CD8(+) T cells, and other immune cells. Upon recognition of its ligands, CD155 and CD112, DNAM-1 promotes NK cell–mediated elimination of transformed and virus-infected cells. It also has a key role in expansion and maintenance of virus-specific memory NK cells. Herein, the mechanism by which DNAM-1 controls NK cell–mediated cytotoxicity and cytokine production was elucidated. Cytotoxicity and cytokine production triggered by DNAM-1 were mediated via a conserved tyrosine- and asparagine-based motif in the cytoplasmic domain of DNAM-1. Upon phosphorylation by Src kinases, this motif enabled binding of DNAM-1 to adaptor Grb2, leading to activation of enzymes Vav-1, phosphatidylinositol 3′ kinase, and phospholipase C-γ1. It also promoted activation of kinases Erk and Akt, and calcium fluxes. Although, as reported, DNAM-1 promoted adhesion, this function was signal-independent and insufficient to promote cytotoxicity. DNAM-1 signaling was also required to enhance cytotoxicity, by increasing actin polymerization and granule polarization. We propose that DNAM-1 promotes NK cell activation via an immunoreceptor tyrosine tail (ITT)–like motif coupling DNAM-1 to Grb2 and other downstream effectors

The principles of communicative language use

The paper aims to overview some typical principles of communicative language use in a cognitive pragmatic approach applying a reductionist method in order to demonstrate that the well-known principles can be reduced to a very general rationality (economy) principle. After briefly reviewing the principles the paper re-evaluates them and provides a new classification of them relying on the definition of ostensive-inferential communication. The principles which can be divided into rationality and interpersonality principles are really principles of effective information transmission on objects and selves. They refer to two kinds of language use: informative and communicative ones. The only principles valid for only communicative language use are the communicative principle of relevance and the principle of communicative intention suggested in the present article. Finally, the paper reduces all rationality and interpersonality principles to a very general rationality principle, i.e., the cognitive principle of relevance