83 research outputs found
Complete Sequencing and Pan-Genomic Analysis of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus Reveal Its Genetic Basis for Industrial Yogurt Production
Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (Lb. bulgaricus) is an important species of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) used for cheese and yogurt fermentation. The genome of Lb. bulgaricus 2038, an industrial strain mainly used for yogurt production, was completely sequenced and compared against the other two ATCC collection strains of the same subspecies. Specific physiological properties of strain 2038, such as lysine biosynthesis, formate production, aspartate-related carbon-skeleton intermediate metabolism, unique EPS synthesis and efficient DNA restriction/modification systems, are all different from those of the collection strains that might benefit the industrial production of yogurt. Other common features shared by Lb. bulgaricus strains, such as efficient protocooperation with Streptococcus thermophilus and lactate production as well as well-equipped stress tolerance mechanisms may account for it being selected originally for yogurt fermentation industry. Multiple lines of evidence suggested that Lb. bulgaricus 2038 was genetically closer to the common ancestor of the subspecies than the other two sequenced collection strains, probably due to a strict industrial maintenance process for strain 2038 that might have halted its genome decay and sustained a gene network suitable for large scale yogurt production
Seasonal and altitudinal changes of culturable bacterial and yeast diversity in Alpine forest soils
The expanded tomato fruit volatile landscape
[EN] The present review aims to synthesize our present knowledge about the mechanisms implied in the biosynthesis of
volatile compounds in the ripe tomato fruit, which have a key role in tomato flavour. The difficulties in identifiying not
only genes or genomic regions but also individual target compounds for plant breeding are addressed. Ample variability
in the levels of almost any volatile compound exists, not only in the populations derived from interspecific crosses
but also in heirloom varieties and even in commercial hybrids. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for all tomato aroma volatiles
have been identified in collections derived from both intraspecific and interspecific crosses with different wild
tomato species and they (i) fail to co-localize with structural genes in the volatile biosynthetic pathways and (ii) reveal
very little coincidence in the genomic regions characterized, indicating that there is ample opportunity to reinforce the
levels of the volatiles of interest. Some of the identified genes may be useful as markers or as biotechnological tools
to enhance tomato aroma. Current knowledge about the major volatile biosynthetic pathways in the fruit is summarized.
Finally, and based on recent reports, it is stressed that conjugation to other metabolites such as sugars seems
to play a key role in the modulation of volatile release, at least in some metabolic pathways.We wish to thank the Metabolomics facility at the IBMCP for technical assistance. AG was supported by grants from MinECO and FECYT. This work was facilitated by the European-funded COST action FA1106 QualityFruit.Rambla Nebot, JL.; Tikunov, Y.; Monforte Gilabert, AJ.; Bovy, A.; Granell Richart, A. (2014). The expanded tomato fruit volatile landscape. Journal of Experimental Botany. 65(16):4613-4623. doi:10.1093/jxb/eru128S461346236516Abegaz, E. G., Tandon, K. S., Scott, J. W., Baldwin, E. A., & Shewfelt, R. L. (2004). Partitioning taste from aromatic flavor notes of fresh tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum, Mill) to develop predictive models as a function of volatile and nonvolatile components. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 34(3), 227-235. doi:10.1016/j.postharvbio.2004.05.023Alba, J. M., Montserrat, M., & Fernández-Muñoz, R. (2008). 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Dynamic Chemical Communication between Plants and Bacteria through Airborne Signals: Induced Resistance by Bacterial Volatiles
Climate change goes underground: effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on microbial community structure and activities in the rhizosphere.
General concern about climate change has led to growing interest in the responses of terrestrial ecosystems to elevated concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere. Experimentation during the last two to three decades using a large variety of approaches has provided sufficient information to conclude that enrichment of atmospheric CO2 may have severe impact on terrestrial ecosystems. This impact is mainly due to the changes in the organic C dynamics as a result of the effects of elevated CO2 on the primary source of organic C in soil, i.e., plant photosynthesis. As the majority of life in soil is heterotrophic and dependent on the input of plant-derived organic C, the activity and functioning of soil organisms will greatly be influenced by changes in the atmospheric CO2 concentration. In this review, we examine the current state of the art with respect to effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on soil microbial communities, with a focus on microbial community structure. On the basis of the existing information, we conclude that the main effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on soil microbiota occur via plant metabolism and root secretion, especially in C3 plants, thereby directly affecting the mycorrhizal, bacterial, and fungal communities in the close vicinity of the root. There is little or no direct effect on the microbial community of the bulk soil. In particular, we have explored the impact of these changes on rhizosphere interactions and ecosystem processes, including food web interactions
Characterization of Bacterial and Fungal Soil Communities by Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis Fingerprints: Biological and Methodological Variability
Automated rRNA intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) was used to characterise bacterial (B-ARISA) and fungal (F-ARISA) communities from different soil types. The 16S-23S intergenic spacer region from the bacterial rRNA operon was amplified from total soil community DNA for B-ARISA. Similarly, the two internal transcribed spacers and the 5.8S rRNA gene (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) from the fungal rRNA operon were amplified from total soil community DNA for F-ARISA. Universal fluorescence-labeled primers were used for the PCRs, and fragments of between 200 and 1,200 bp were resolved on denaturing polyacrylamide gels by use of an automated sequencer with laser detection. Methodological (DNA extraction and PCR amplification) and biological (inter- and intrasite) variations were evaluated by comparing the number and intensity of peaks (bands) between electrophoregrams (profiles) and by multivariate analysis. Our results showed that ARISA is a high-resolution, highly reproducible technique and is a robust method for discriminating between microbial communities. To evaluate the potential biases in community description provided by ARISA, we also examined databases on length distribution of ribosomal intergenic spacers among bacteria (L. Ranjard, E. Brothier, and S. Nazaret, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:5334–5339, 2000) and fungi
Waste of water in New York and its reduction by meters and inspection; a report by James. H. Fuertes, C. E., to the Committee on water-supply of the Merchants' association of New York;
5 p.l., 3-272 p. tables (part fold.) diagrs. (1 fold.) 25 cm.Bibliography: p. 231-244
Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms in the rhizosphere of Pinus pinaster and in the mycosphere of associated Lactarius deliciosus
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