“Interpretasi Motif Ornamen Bada Mudiak Di Minangkabau”

Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk memahami falsafah motif bada mudiak di Minangkabau, menafsir kembali hubungannya dengan falsafah “alam takambang jadi guru”. Tentang penciptaan motif, hubungannya dengan alam dan reinterpretasi motif yang berlandaskan doktrin adat Minangkabau yaitu Adat bersendi syara', syara' bersendi Kitabullah. Menggunakan metode kualitatif. Pengumpulan data melalui studi pustaka. Orang Minangkabau menamakan tanah airnya Alam Minangkabau. Pemakaian kata alam itu mengandung makna yang tidak bertara, seperti yang diungkapkan dalam mamangannya: Alam takambang jadi guru. Penciptaan karya ornamen Bada Mudiak di Minangkabau merupakan ekspresi dari hasil interpretasi yang berasal dari pengamatan terhadap alam, seperti tumbu-tumbuhan, hewan, serta benda keperluan sehari-hari. Seni Islam menolak untuk menggambarkan manusia dan mahkluk hidup karena ada keyakinan dan kepercayaan yang mengarahkan senimannya ke arah produk kreatif tertentu, doktrin Adat bersendi syara', syara' bersendi Kitabullah, meletakkan agama Islam sebagai sumber utama dalam pandangan hidup orang Minangkabau, sehingga visualisasinya cendrung mengarah pada seni yang abstrak (sarian) dan geometrik

Incidence Of Periventricular/intraventricular Hemorrhage In Very Low Birth Weight Infants: A 15-year Cohort Study.

To assess the incidence of periventricular/intraventricular hemorrhage (PIVH) in very low birth rate neonates. This was a prospective cohort study conducted on a sample of very low birth weight infants over a 15-year period. Neonates who did not undergo cerebral ultrasonography, had malformations affecting the central nervous system, or died within the first 24 hours of life were excluded. Ultrasonography was performed through the anterior fontanelle using an Aloka® 620 scanner with a 5 mHz probe, between days 1 and 3 of life, at 7 days, and at 28 days (or at discharge). Incidence was analyzed by means of the chi-square test for trend or Cochran-Armitage test and through a simple linear regression model with a logarithmic trendline as the output. For assessment of potential associated factors, a variety of obstetric, perinatal, and neonatal data collected between 1991-1994 and 2002-2005 were analyzed, using the chi-square and Fisher's exact tests for statistical analysis. The significance level was set at 5%. Of 1,777 very low birth weight infants born during the study period, 1,381 (77.7%) were examined. Of these, 289 (20.9%) had PIVH. The yearly distribution of cases showed a progressive decline in incidence, from 50.9% in 1991 to 11.9% in 2005 (p < 0.0001). The incidence of PIVH decreased across all weight ranges as well as at grades I/II and III/IV. Significant differences in antenatal corticosteroid use, gender (male), weight (< 1,000 g), hyaline membrane disease, mechanical ventilation, administration of surfactant, patent ductus arteriosus, and sepsis were found. The incidence of PIVH in very low birth weight infants declined significantly during the study period.87505-1

Challenges and status: Single-use bioreactors for microbial processes

Nowadays single-use bioreactors are fully accepted in the biopharmaceutical industry. Reactors up to 2000L working volume are commonly used. However, these bioreactors are limited in terms of mass-transfer and mixing capabilities and therefore only suited for application in mammalian cell culture. Single-use processing offers many benefits like cost reduction, flexibility, reduction of contamination risks, etc. These benefits apply for both microbial processes as for mammalian processes. Additionally, for the use of marine microorganisms the application of single-use bioreactors (SUB) offers a possibility to circumvent problem of corrosion which occurs in steel bioreactors due to the high chloride ion concentration in the media when the early stage of process development or the need for multi-purpose devices does not allow the investment in process-specific infrastructure. However, marine production processes can demand for high gas mass transfer rates, e.g. in the case of Crypthecodinium cohnii, a heterotrophic algae applied for the production of the polyunsatured fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid. C. cohnii cells are highly sensitive to shear-forces. In general, unfavorable cultivation conditions lead to a high batch-to-batch variation, and thus to a random process development and optimization. In this paper we describe experience of the use of different single use bioreactors for the high cell density cultivation of C. cohnii and other microorganisms. Specific parameters we looked at were the gas transfer efficiency as an important parameter for high cell and product yields as well as the opportunity for expansion of the culture over a wide volume range. Among various SUBs, which were tested, only the 2-D wave-mixed CELL-tainer® showed a high oxygen mass transfer at comparably low shear forces, and hence provided a very vital culture.1, 2 In order to broaden the range of the working volume, expansion channel blocks were applied, which allow performing cultivations from 150 ml to 20 L without reinocculation. However, the scalability of a wave-mixed system is challenging due to the restricted knowledge of classical engineering parameters. Therefore, the physiologic and morphologic constitution of the cells was considered to prove the suitability of the SUBs at scales from the mL to the 120 L range. Therefore a novel on-line photo-optical instrument (SOPAT) for the analysis of cell shapes, and lipid droplet accumulation was applied. It allowed a direct insight into the stage of growth, population homogeneity, and fatty acid production. Although it is hardly feasible to maintain identical cultivation conditions from the µL to the m³ scale, the combination of engineering parameters and process analytical tools led to the overall achievement of suitable cultivation conditions. The presented on-line method in relation to the developmental strategy over different scales is relevant for the development of plant and other cell culture processes, while contributing to reduced development times and costs

The frequency of pharmacological pain relief in university neonatal intensive care units

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of drugs to relieve the pain of invasive procedures newborn infants cared for at a university hospital NICU. METHODS: A prospective cohort study of all newborn infants hospitalized in four NICU during October 2001. The following data were collected: demographic data of the hospitalized newborn infants; clinical morbidity; number of potentially painful procedures and frequency of analgesic administration. Factors associated with the use of analgesia in this cohort of patients were studied by multiple linear regression using SPSS 8.0. RESULTS: Ninety-one newborn infants were admitted to the NICU during the study period (1,025 patient-days). Only 25% of the 1,025 patient-days received systemic analgesia. No specific drugs were administered to relieve acute pain during any of the following painful events: arterial punctures, venous, capillary and lumbar punctures or intubations. For chest tube insertion, 100% of newborn infants received specific analgesia. For the insertion of central catheters 8% of the newborn infants received painkillers. Only nine of the 17 newborn infants that underwent surgical procedures received any analgesic dosage during the postoperative period. For 93% of patients under analgesia the drug of choice was fentanyl. The presence of mechanical ventilation increased the chance of newborn infants receiving painkillers by 6.9 times and the presence of chest tube increased this chance by five times. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to train health professionals in order to bridge the gap between scientific knowledge regarding newborn infant pain and clinical practice.OBJETIVO: Verificar a freqüência com que são empregados analgésicos para o alívio da dor desencadeada por procedimentos invasivos em recém-nascidos internados em UTI universitárias e verificar o perfil de uso de medicamentos para o alívio da dor. MÉTODOS: Coorte prospectiva, avaliada entre 1° e 31 de outubro de 2001, de todos os recém-nascidos internados em quatro UTI. Dados coletados: características gerais das unidades; dados demográficos dos recém-nascidos; morbidade clínica e freqüência do emprego de analgésicos. Realizaram-se a análise estatística descritiva e a regressão linear múltipla por meio do SPSS 8.0, para analisar os fatores associados ao uso de analgésicos nesta coorte. RESULTADOS: No período, foram internados 91 recém-nascidos (1.025 pacientes-dia). Apenas 25% dos 1.025 pacientes-dia receberam alguma dose de analgésico por via sistêmica. Não foi administrada nenhuma medicação específica para o alívio da dor aguda durante os seguintes eventos dolorosos: intubações traqueais, punções arteriais, venosas, capilares e lombares. Na inserção de dreno de tórax, 100% dos recém-nascidos receberam analgesia específica e, para a passagem de cateteres centrais, apenas 8%. De 17 recém-nascidos submetidos a procedimentos cirúrgicos, somente nove receberam analgésicos no pós-operatório. O medicamento mais utilizado foi o fentanil (93%). A presença de ventilação mecânica elevou em 6,9 vezes, e a de dreno de tórax em cinco vezes a chance do recém-nascido receber alguma dose de analgésico. CONCLUSÃO: Há necessidade de melhorar a formação dos profissionais de saúde para diminuir a distância entre os conhecimentos científicos existentes a respeito da dor no recém-nascido e a prática clínica.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de Medicina Disciplina Pediatria NeonatalUniversidade Estadual de Campinas Faculdade de Ciências Médicas Departamento de PediatriaUNICAMP Centro de Atenção Integral à Saúde da MulherUniversidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Faculdade de Medicina Departamento de PediatriaSanta Casa de São Paulo Faculdade de Ciências Médicas Departamento de PediatriaUNIFESP, EPM, Disciplina Pediatria NeonatalSciEL

Reviews and syntheses: 210Pb-derived sediment and carbon accumulation rates in vegetated coastal ecosystems – setting the record straight

Vegetated coastal ecosystems, including tidal marshes, mangroves and seagrass meadows, are being increasingly assessed in terms of their potential for carbon dioxide sequestration worldwide. However, there is a paucity of studies that have effectively estimated the accumulation rates of sediment organic carbon (Corg), also termed blue carbon, beyond the mere quantification of Corg stocks. Here, we discuss the use of the 210Pb dating technique to determine the rate of Corg accumulation in these habitats. We review the most widely used 210Pb dating models to assess their limitations in these ecosystems, often composed of heterogeneous sediments with varying inputs of organic material, that are disturbed by natural and anthropogenic processes resulting in sediment mixing and changes in sedimentation rates or erosion. Through a range of simulations, we consider the most relevant processes that impact the 210Pb records in vegetated coastal ecosystems and evaluate how anomalies in 210Pb specific activity profiles affect sediment and Corg accumulation rates. Our results show that the discrepancy in sediment and derived Corg accumulation rates between anomalous and ideal 210Pb profiles is within 20% if the process causing such anomalies is well understood. While these discrepancies might be acceptable for the determination of mean sediment and Corg accumulation rates over the last century, they may not always provide a reliable geochronology or historical reconstruction. Reliable estimates of Corg accumulation rates might be difficult at sites with slow sedimentation, intense mixing and/or that are affected by multiple sedimentary processes. Additional tracers or geochemical, ecological or historical data need to be used to validate the 210Pb-derived results. The framework provided in this study can be instrumental in reducing the uncertainties associated with estimates of Corg accumulation rates in vegetated coastal sediments

Application Of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure In The Delivery Room: A Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial.

This study evaluated whether the use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in the delivery room alters the need for mechanical ventilation and surfactant during the first 5 days of life and modifies the incidence of respiratory morbidity and mortality during the hospital stay. The study was a multicenter randomized clinical trial conducted in five public university hospitals in Brazil, from June 2008 to December 2009. Participants were 197 infants with birth weight of 1000-1500 g and without major birth defects. They were treated according to the guidelines of the American Academy of Pediatrics (APP). Infants not intubated or extubated less than 15 min after birth were randomized for two treatments, routine or CPAP, and were followed until hospital discharge. The routine (n=99) and CPAP (n=98) infants studied presented no statistically significant differences regarding birth characteristics, complications during the prenatal period, the need for mechanical ventilation during the first 5 days of life (19.2 vs 23.4%, P=0.50), use of surfactant (18.2 vs 17.3% P=0.92), or respiratory morbidity and mortality until discharge. The CPAP group required a greater number of doses of surfactant (1.5 vs 1.0, P=0.02). When CPAP was applied to the routine group, it was installed within a median time of 30 min. We found that CPAP applied less than 15 min after birth was not able to reduce the need for ventilator support and was associated with a higher number of doses of surfactant when compared to CPAP applied as clinically indicated within a median time of 30 min.47259-6

Incidence of periventricular/intraventricular hemorrhage in very low birth weight infants: a 15-year cohort study

OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence of periventricular/intraventricular hemorrhage (PIVH) in very low birth rate neonates. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study conducted on a sample of very low birth weight infants over a 15-year period. Neonates who did not undergo cerebral ultrasonography, had malformations affecting the central nervous system, or died within the first 24 hours of life were excluded. Ultrasonography was performed through the anterior fontanelle using an Aloka® 620 scanner with a 5 mHz probe, between days 1 and 3 of life, at 7 days, and at 28 days (or at discharge). Incidence was analyzed by means of the chi-square test for trend or Cochran-Armitage test and through a simple linear regression model with a logarithmic trendline as the output. For assessment of potential associated factors, a variety of obstetric, perinatal, and neonatal data collected between 1991-1994 and 2002-2005 were analyzed, using the chi-square and Fisher's exact tests for statistical analysis. The significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS: Of 1,777 very low birth weight infants born during the study period, 1,381 (77.7%) were examined. Of these, 289 (20.9%) had PIVH. The yearly distribution of cases showed a progressive decline in incidence, from 50.9% in 1991 to 11.9% in 2005 (p < 0.0001). The incidence of PIVH decreased across all weight ranges as well as at grades I/II and III/IV. Significant differences in antenatal corticosteroid use, gender (male), weight (< 1,000 g), hyaline membrane disease, mechanical ventilation, administration of surfactant, patent ductus arteriosus, and sepsis were found. CONCLUSION: The incidence of PIVH in very low birth weight infants declined significantly during the study period.OBJETIVO: Avaliar a incidência da hemorragia peri-intraventricular (HPIV) em recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo de coorte prospectiva de recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso ao longo de 15 anos. Excluíram-se aqueles sem avaliação por ultrassonografia cerebral, com má-formação do sistema nervoso central ou falecidos antes de 24 horas de vida. Os exames foram realizados através da fontanela anterior, utilizando-se ecógrafo Aloka® 620 e transdutor de 5 mHz, entre o primeiro e o terceiro dia de vida, e também no sétimo e no 28º dia de vida e/ou na alta hospitalar. A incidência foi analisada pelo teste de qui-quadrado de tendência ou pelo Cochran-Armitage test, e pelo modelo de regressão linear simples (curva de tendência logarítmica). Para avaliação dos possíveis fatores associados, analisaram-se dados obstétricos, perinatais e neonatais nos períodos de 1991/1994 e 2002/2005, com cálculo do teste de qui-quadrado / Fisher e do risco relativo. O nível de significância foi de 5%. RESULTADOS: Nasceram 1.777 crianças de muito baixo peso, e 1.381 (77,7%) foram avaliadas. Dessas, 289 (20,9%) apresentaram HPIV. A distribuição anual mostrou queda na incidência, de 50,9% em 1991 para 11,9% em 2005 (p < 0,0001). A HPIV apresentou queda em todas as faixas de peso e nos grupos com grau I/II e III/IV. Observaram-se diferenças relacionadas a uso de esteroide antenatal, sexo masculino, peso < 1.000 g, doenças de membranas hialinas, ventilação mecânica, uso de surfactante, canal arterial e sepse. CONCLUSÃO: Houve queda significativa na incidência da doença em recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso ao nascer durante o período analisado.50551

Seagrass meadows as a globally significant carbonate reservoir

There has been growing interest in quantifying the capacity of seagrass ecosystems to act as carbon sinks as a natural way of offsetting anthropogenic carbon emissions to the atmosphere. However, most of the efforts have focused on the particulate organic carbon (POC) stocks and accumulation rates and ignored the particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) fraction, despite important carbonate pools associated with calcifying organisms inhabiting the meadows, such as epiphytes and benthic invertebrates, and despite the relevance that carbonate precipitation and dissolution processes have in the global carbon cycle. This study offers the first assessment of the global PIC stocks in seagrass sediments using a synthesis of published and unpublished data on sediment carbonate concentration from 403 vegetated and 34 adjacent un-vegetated sites. PIC stocks in the top 1 m of sediment ranged between 3 and 1660 Mg PIC ha(-1), with an average of 654 +/- 24 Mg PIC ha(-1), exceeding those of POC reported in previous studies by about a factor of 5. Sedimentary carbonate stocks varied across seagrass communities, with meadows dominated by Halodule, Thalassia or Cymodocea supporting the highest PIC stocks, and tended to decrease polewards at a rate of -8 +/- 2 Mg PIC ha(-1) per degree of latitude (general linear model, GLM; p \u3c 0.0003). Using PIC concentrations and estimates of sediment accretion in seagrass meadows, the mean PIC accumulation rate in seagrass sediments is found to be 126.3 +/- 31.05 g PIC m(-2) yr(-1). Based on the global extent of seagrass meadows (177 000 to 600 000 km(2)), these ecosystems globally store between 11 and 39 Pg of PIC in the top metre of sediment and accumulate between 22 and 75 Tg PIC yr(-1), representing a significant contribution to the carbonate dynamics of coastal areas. Despite the fact that these high rates of carbonate accumulation imply CO2 emissions from precipitation, seagrass meadows are still strong CO2 sinks as demonstrated by the comparison of carbon (PIC and POC) stocks between vegetated and adjacent un-vegetated sediments

Perinatal factors associated with early deaths of preterm infants born in Brazilian Network on Neonatal Research centers

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os fatores perinatais associados ao óbito neonatal precoce em prematuros com peso ao nascer entre 400 e 1.500 g. MÉTODOS: Coorte prospectiva e multicêntrica dos nascidos vivos com idade gestacional de 23 a 33 semanas e peso de 400-1.500 g, sem malformações em oito maternidades públicas terciárias universitárias entre junho de 2004 e maio de 2005. As características maternas e neonatais e a morbidade nas primeiras 72 horas de vida foram comparadas entre os prematuros que morreram ou sobreviveram até o sexto dia de vida. As variáveis perinatais associadas ao óbito neonatal precoce foram determinadas por regressão logística. RESULTADOS: No período, 579 recém-nascidos preencheram os critérios de inclusão. O óbito precoce ocorreu em 92 (16%) neonatos, variando entre as unidades de 5 a 31%, e tal diferença persistiu controlando-se por um escore de gravidade clínica (SNAPPE-II). A análise multivariada para o desfecho óbito neonatal intra-hospitalar precoce mostrou associação com: idade gestacional de 23-27 semanas (odds ratio - OR = 5,0; IC95% 2,7-9,4), ausência de hipertensão materna (OR = 1,9; IC95% 1,0-3,7), Apgar 0-6 no 5º minuto (OR = 2,8; IC95% 1,4-5,4), presença de síndrome do desconforto respiratório (OR = 3,1; IC95% 1,4-6,6) e centro em que o paciente nasceu. CONCLUSÃO: Importantes fatores associados ao óbito neonatal precoce em prematuros de muito baixo peso são passíveis de intervenção, como a melhora da vitalidade fetal ao nascer e a diminuição da incidência e gravidade da síndrome do desconforto respiratório. As diferenças de mortalidade encontradas entre os centros apontam para a necessidade de identificar as melhores práticas e adotá-las de maneira uniforme em nosso meio.OBJECTIVE:To evaluate perinatal factors associated with early neonatal death in preterm infants with birth weights (BW) of 400-1,500 g. METHODS: A multicenter prospective cohort study of all infants with BW of 400-1,500 g and 23-33 weeks of gestational age (GA), without malformations, who were born alive at eight public university tertiary hospitals in Brazil between June of 2004 and May of 2005. Infants who died within their first 6 days of life were compared with those who did not regarding maternal and neonatal characteristics and morbidity during the first 72 hours of life. Variables associated with the early deaths were identified by stepwise logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 579 live births met the inclusion criteria. Early deaths occurred in 92 (16%) cases, varying between centers from 5 to 31%, and these differences persisted after controlling for newborn illness severity and mortality risk score (SNAPPE-II). According to the multivariate analysis, the following factors were associated with early intrahospital neonatal deaths: gestational age of 23-27 weeks (odds ratio - OR = 5.0; 95%CI 2.7-9.4), absence of maternal hypertension (OR = 1.9; 95%CI 1.0-3.7), 5th minute Apgar 0-6 (OR = 2.8; 95%CI 1.4-5.4), presence of respiratory distress syndrome (OR = 3.1; 95%CI 1.4-6.6), and network center of birth. CONCLUSION: Important perinatal factors that are associated with early neonatal deaths in very low birth weight preterm infants can be modified by interventions such as improving fetal vitality at birth and reducing the incidence and severity of respiratory distress syndrome. The heterogeneity of early neonatal rates across the different centers studied indicates that best clinical practices should be identified and disseminated throughout the country.Ministério da Saúd

Accelerating tropicalization and the transformation of temperate seagrass meadows

Climate-driven changes are altering production and functioning of biotic assemblages in terrestrial and aquatic environments. In temperate coastal waters, rising sea temperatures, warm water anomalies and poleward shifts in the distribution of tropical herbivores have had a detrimental effect on algal forests. We develop generalized scenarios of this form of tropicalization and its potential effects on the structure and functioning of globally significant and threatened seagrass ecosystems, through poleward shifts in tropical seagrasses and herbivores. Initially, we expect tropical herbivorous fishes to establish in temperate seagrass meadows, followed later by megafauna. Tropical seagrasses are likely to establish later, delayed by more limited dispersal abilities. Ultimately, food webs are likely to shift from primarily seagrass-detritus to more directconsumption- based systems, thereby affecting a range of important ecosystem services that seagrasses provide, including their nursery habitat role for fishery species, carbon sequestration, and the provision of organic matter to other ecosystems in temperate regions