Does local financing make primary schools more efficient : the Philippine case

In the highly centralized system of the Philippines, local funding provides the only source of flexibility to meet specific and urgent needs. The government in Manila, which pays all teacher salaries, finds it easier politically in times of fiscal belt-tightening to cut recurrent costs. Although local funds are a relatively small percentage of the education budget, they make an important contribution to covering maintenence and operating costs. The total cost of education per student also appears to lower in schools with greater local financing. Administrators and teachers have greater incentive to be cost-effective when forced to consider the effect of their behavior on the people who live and work in the local community. The policy implications of these findings for the Philippines, as well as other developing countries, are important. They strongly suggest that decentralization will increase efficiency. Without an increase in local funding, the quality of primary education will suffer.Teaching and Learning,Gender and Education,Primary Education,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Business in Development

Student performance and school costs in the Philippines'high schools

A key consideration in the policy debate on the appropriate role of private schools in predominantly public school systems is cost effectiveness. The questions are: Do private school students learn more than their counterparts, and is it more or less expensive to educate students in private schools? Taking selectivity into account, the private schools show a significant edge over public schools in both English and Pilipino. Public schools, on the other hand, had a slight advantage in mathematics. A comparison of cost per student reveals a substantial advantage for private schools: public schools in the Philippines spend on average roughly twice as much as private schools. These findings strongly suggest that private schools are an efficient purveyor of secondary education in the formulation of policy measures that could threaten the existence of such schools.Teaching and Learning,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Gender and Education,Primary Education,Educational Sciences

Literariedad, teología e intertexto en el teatro novohispano

Theater is an artistic expression in whose representation the collective is involved. It is a genre of ancient tradition in the literature; since the classical period, and they represented plays, already in the sub-genres of comedy or of tragedy. In the Middle Ages works of religious orientation, like the car of the Three Kings, and it is in the 16th century, in the midst of the Renaissance, when it begins to strengthen this literary genre across Europe. In Spain the works were represented in squares and corrals. Sometimes it did not have the function of entertain, but complied with that of doctrinal teaching. The 17th century playwrights stand out for their depth of treatment of the themes and it can be said that the works contain a dramatic essence. In the American colonies, performances by different circumstances: to celebrate arrival of a civil or ecclesiastical official, to catechize the natural or within the framework of a feast of the liturgical calendar. The pieces were performed in religious schools, in the courts of the Churches or in public spaces, such as squares.El teatro es una expresión artística en cuya representación se involucra al colectivo. Es un género de antigua tradición en la literatura; desde el período clásico se elaboraban y representaban obras de teatro, ya en los subgéneros de la comedia o de la tragedia. En la Edad Media se mencionan obras de orientación religiosa, como el auto de los Reyes Magos, y es en el siglo xvi, en pleno Renacimiento, cuando empieza a fortalecerse este género literario en toda Europa. En España las obras se representaban en plazas y corrales. En ocasiones no tenía la función de entretener, sino que cumplía con la de enseñanza doctrinaria. Los dramaturgos de siglo xvii destacan por la profundidad en el tratamiento de los temas y puede afirmarse que las obras contienen una esencia dramática. En las colonias americanas se realizaban representaciones por diferentes circunstancias: para celebrar la llegada de un funcionario civil o eclesiástico, para catequizar a los naturales o en el marco de una festividad del calendario litúrgico. Las piezas se realizaban en los colegios de religiosos, en los atrios de las Iglesias o en espacios públicos, como las plazas

Elementos a considerar en un modelo para evaluar integralmente la labor de la universidad en el desarrollo de las competencias informacionales de los estudiantes

The purpose of this document is to identify and describe the main elements to consider when evaluating a university's efforts in the development of information competencies of undergraduate students. Information competencies and their current importance in the context of competency-centered education are described. A review is made of a number of personal and corporate authors who for long time have expressed that information literacy programs and their evaluation should involve the entire institution. From the literature review and their experience as faculty members and librarians, the authors present a proposal of which elements should integrate a model that would assess the efforts of an institution and could be used by different universities, both in self-assessment exercises or in external evaluation processes

THE EFFECT OF SCHOOL HEADS' LEADERSHIP STYLE ON LEARNERS' PERCEPTION OF SCHOOL CLIMATE

A positive school climate and excellent leadership are essential to promote holistic school administration and high-quality education. Research­ers wanted to find out how school leaders' leadership styles affect the percepti­on of students in a high-quality educational environment using a mixed-method research design. A total of 1018 people participated in this survey, including 907 students and 111 school officials from 24 different schools. The Multifac­tor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) was used to determine the most common le­adership style among school heads. The SCAI Secondary General Version was used to assess students' perceptions of the school climate level. Also, four school principals participated in one-on-one interviews on how their leader­ship styles changed during the pandemic. All aspects of school climate, in­clud­ing community relations, student interactions, learning and assessment, physi­cal appearance, discipline environment, attitude, and culture, had high levels of perceived school climate. Results show that transformational leadership, con­tingent reward, management by exception, and inspirational motivation are the most prevalent styles of leadership, while laissez-faire, idealized influence, and intellectual stimulation are the least prevalent. Only two out of forty-two (42) correlations between school atmosphere and leadership style were significant. Student interactions and idealized influence are also included in this cate­gory. School administrators and teachers need to understand the level of trans­formational leadership and the school climate to create the best school environ­ment, which will improve the quality of teaching and learning and, in the end, school performance

Desarrollo de competencias informacionales en universidades hispanoamericanas: fundamentos teóricos para un modelo integral de evaluación

This document presents the results of a study focused on the search for theories to support what should be an evaluation model of university efforts aimed to develop student’s information competencies. The research is mainly based on literature review and on the reflections that the readings inspired. The results lead the authors to conclude that an evaluation model can be framed in the General Systems Theory as to the transformation to be achieved by students during their pass by the university; nevertheless, for a more complete picture, it is necessary to identify a learning theory: we observe that one that may provide further explanations is the recently developed theory of Connectivism, as a way of expanding constructivist theories of learning

Bibliotecas virtuales, acceso abierto y derechos de autor

The book gathers the works presented in III Environmental Observatory Colloquium organized by El Colegio de Chihuahua with the theme of Virtual libraries and their use in research. The purpose is to lay the groundwork for a necessary analysis and permanent in the way that are being given these dizzying changes and the impact they are producing, mainly in the investigation from technical, legal, ethical, economic and social perspectives, among other. For this, a variety of works are presented by professionals who work constantly with information producers, users or as intermediaries of the same. The book should be of interest and useful for those people who fall into one of these categories, which increasingly, we are all

Bibliotecas virtuales, acceso abierto y derechos de autor

The book gathers the works presented in III Environmental Observatory Colloquium organized by El Colegio de Chihuahua with the theme of Virtual libraries and their use in research. The purpose is to lay the groundwork for a necessary analysis and permanent in the way that are being given these dizzying changes and the impact they are producing, mainly in the investigation from technical, legal, ethical, economic and social perspectives, among other. For this, a variety of works are presented by professionals who work constantly with information producers, users or as intermediaries of the same. The book should be of interest and useful for those people who fall into one of these categories, which increasingly, we are all

Efecto de la aplicación intrauterina de ozono sobre la migración de neutrófilos y la endometritis subclínica en ganado lechero

The objective was to determine whether an ozonized saline solution (O3SS) increases endometrial polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNN) (Exp 1) and to challenge the preventive effect of O3SS on subclinical endometritis (SCE) (Exp 2). In Exp 1, 38 primiparous Holstein cows were used. Cows with (WHM) and no history of postpartum metritis (NHM) were included; they were then divided into control (CTRL, saline solution) or O3SS (6.7 ± 0.3 ppm) subgroups. At 55 d postpartum, 50 ml of CTRL or O3SS was applied intrauterinely and at 48 h, the quantity of PMNN was recorded by endometrial cytology. In Exp 2, 26 primiparous NHM Holstein cows were used. The cows were randomly distributed in CTRL or O3SS. Two doses of 50 ml were administered with an interval of 7 d (first application 11.3 ± 0.4 d postpartum). At d 30 postpartum, SCE (≥6 % PMNN) was diagnosed. WHM cows had higher numbers of endometrial PMNN compared to NHM cows (13.9 ± 6.2 vs 1.0 ± 0.46, P0.05) and the NHM-CTRL and NHM-O3SS groups (0.1 ± 0.1 and 1.8 ± 4.8, P>0.05) were not different. A statistical trend (P=0.09) of lower percentage of SCE was observed in the CTRL group compared to O3SS (15.4 and 46.2 %, respectively). In conclusion, transcervical O3SS does not increase the number of endometrial PMNN and preventive treatment with O3SS applied to NHM cows did not decrease SCE. The results suggest a possible anti-inflammatory effect of the ionized saline solution treatment.El objetivo fue determinar si una solución salina ozonizada (SSO3) incrementa los neutrófilos polimorfonucleares (NPMN) endometriales (Exp 1) y desafiar el efecto preventivo de SSO3 sobre la endometritis subclínica (ESC) (Exp 2). En el Exp 1 se utilizaron 38 vacas Holstein primíparas. Se incluyeron vacas con (CAM) y sin antecedentes de metritis postparto (SAM); posteriormente se repartieron en subgrupos control (CTRL, solución salina) o SSO3 (6.7 ± 0.3 ppm). A los 55 días postparto se aplicó 50 ml de CTRL o SSO3 intrauterinamente y a las 48 h se registró la cantidad de NPMN por citología endometrial. En el Exp 2 se utilizaron 26 vacas Holstein primíparas SAM. Las vacas se repartieron aleatoriamente en CTRL o SSO3. Se administraron dos dosis de 50 ml con intervalo de 7 días (primera aplicación 11.3 ± 0.4 días postparto). Al día 30 postparto se diagnosticó ESC (≥6% NPMN). Las vacas CAM tuvieron mayor número de NPMN endometriales comparado con vacas SAM (13.9 ± 6.2 vs 1.0±0.46, P0.05) y SAM-CTRL y SAM-SSO3 (0.1 ± 0.1 y 1.8 ± 4.8, P>0.05) no fueron diferentes. Se observó una tendencia estadística (P=0.09) de menor porcentaje de ESC en grupo CTRL comparado con SSO3 (15.4 y 46.2 %, respectivamente). En conclusión, la SSO3 por vía transcervical no incrementa el número de NPMN endometriales y el tratamiento preventivo con SSO3 aplicado a vacas SAM no disminuyó la ESC. Los resultados sugieren un posible efecto antiinflamatorio del tratamiento solución salina ionizada

Can racial disparities in optimal gout treatment be reduced? evidence from a randomized trial

There is a disproportionate burden of gout in African-Americans in the U.S. due to a higher disease prevalence and lower likelihood of receiving urate-lowering therapy (ULT), compared to Caucasians. There is an absence of strong data as to whether the response to ULT differs by race/ethnicity. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders recently published a secondary analyses of the CONFIRMS trial, a large randomized controlled, double-blind trial of 2,269 gout patients. The authors reported that the likelihood of achieving the primary study efficacy end-point of achieving serum urate < 6 mg/dl was similar between African-Americans and Caucasians, for all three treatment arms (Febuxostat 40 mg and 80 mg and allopurinol 300/200 mg). More importantly, rates were similar in subgroups of patients with mild or moderate renal insufficiency. Adverse event rates were similar, as were the rates of gout flares. These findings constitute a convincing evidence to pursue aggressive ULT in gout patients, regardless of race/ethnicity. This approach will likely help to narrow the documented racial disparities in gout care