Aplicación y caracterización físico-química de varios tratamientos superficiales realizados al acero inoxidable 316 L para aplicacions biomédicas

La biocompatibilidad de los metales utilizados en implantología está íntimamente relacionada con las características superficiales de los implantes tanto desde un punto de vista químico como topográfico. El objetivo de este trabajo es aplicar varios tratamientos superficiales al acero inoxidable 316 L y caracterizar, posteriormente, la superficie físico-químicamente. La superficie pulida de varios discos de acero 316 L fue tratada mediante los procesos de: granallado, variando el tamaño y la naturaleza de la partículas proyectadas, y anodizado electroquímico. Con el fin de caracterizar las superficies obtenidas con cada tratamiento se observó la morfología superficial mediante Microscopia Electrónica de Barrido e Inteferometría Óptica y se evaluó el efecto de dichos tratamientos en la resistencia a la corrosión y en la liberación de iones níquel y cromo mediante ensayos in vitro. Los resultados revelaron que el tratamiento de granallado permite obtener un amplio rango de rugosidades incrementando el área real hasta un 54% pero disminuyendo ligeramente la resistencia a la corrosión del material. El proceso de anodizado prácticamente no tuvo efectos en la topografía sin embargo redujo considerablemente la resistencia a la corrosión del metal. Todos los tratamientos estudiados disminuyeron ligeramente la liberación de iones cromo y níquel

Aplicación y caracterización físico-química de varios tratamientos superficiales realizados al acero inoxidable 316L para aplicaciones biomédicas

La biocompatibilidad de los metales utilizados en implantología está íntimamente relacionada con las características superficiales de los implantes tanto desde un punto de vista químico como topográfico. El objetivo de este trabajo es aplicar varios tratamientos superficiales al acero inoxidable 316 L y caracterizar, posteriormente, la superficie físico-químicamente. La superficie pulida de varios discos de acero 316 L fue tratada mediante los procesos de: granallado, variando el tamaño y la naturaleza de la partículas proyectadas, y anodizado electroquímico. Con el fin de caracterizar las superficies obtenidas con cada tratamiento se observó la morfología superficial mediante Microscopia Electrónica de Barrido e Inteferometría Óptica y se evaluó el efecto de dichos tratamientos en la resistencia a la corrosión y en la liberación de iones níquel y cromo mediante ensayos in vitro. Los resultados revelaron que el tratamiento de granallado permite obtener un amplio rango de rugosidades incrementando el área real hasta un 54% pero disminuyendo ligeramente la resistencia a la corrosión del material. El proceso de anodizado prácticamente no tuvo efectos en la topografía sin embargo redujo considerablemente la resistencia a la corrosión del metal. Todos los tratamientos estudiados disminuyeron ligeramente la liberación de iones cromo y níquel

Measurement of the Fermi Constant by FAST

An initial measurement of the lifetime of the positive muon to a precision of 16 parts per million (ppm) has been performed with the FAST detector at the Paul Scherrer Institute. The result is tau_mu = 2.197083 (32) (15) microsec, where the first error is statistical and the second is systematic. The muon lifetime determines the Fermi constant, G_F = 1.166353 (9) x 10^-5 GeV^-2 (8 ppm).Comment: 15 pages, 6 figure

Precision Measurement of the Boron to Carbon Flux Ratio in Cosmic Rays from 1.9 GV to 2.6 TV with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station

Knowledge of the rigidity dependence of the boron to carbon flux ratio (B/C) is important in understanding the propagation of cosmic rays. The precise measurement of the B/C ratio from 1.9 GV to 2.6 TV, based on 2.3 million boron and 8.3 million carbon nuclei collected by AMS during the first 5 years of operation, is presented. The detailed variation with rigidity of the B/C spectral index is reported for the first time. The B/C ratio does not show any significant structures in contrast to many cosmic ray models that require such structures at high rigidities. Remarkably, above 65 GV, the B/C ratio is well described by a single power law R[superscript Δ] with index Δ=-0.333±0.014(fit)±0.005(syst), in good agreement with the Kolmogorov theory of turbulence which predicts Δ=-1/3 asymptotically.National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grants 1455202 and 1551980)Wyle Research (Firm) (Grant 2014/T72497)United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship Grant HELIO15F-0005

Properties of Neon, Magnesium, and Silicon Primary Cosmic Rays Results from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer

We report the observation of new properties of primary cosmic rays, neon (Ne), magnesium (Mg), and silicon (Si), measured in the rigidity range 2.15 GV to 3.0 TV with 1.8 × 10$^{6}$ Ne, 2.2 × 10$^{6}$ Mg, and 1.6 × 10$^{6}$ Si nuclei collected by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer experiment on the International Space Station. The Ne and Mg spectra have identical rigidity dependence above 3.65 GV. The three spectra have identical rigidity dependence above 86.5 GV, deviate from a single power law above 200 GV, and harden in an identical way. Unexpectedly, above 86.5 GV the rigidity dependence of primary cosmic rays Ne, Mg, and Si spectra is different from the rigidity dependence of primary cosmic rays He, C, and O. This shows that the Ne, Mg, and Si and He, C, and O are two different classes of primary cosmic rays

The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) on the international space station: Part II — Results from the first seven years

The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) is a precision particle physics detector on the International Space Station (ISS) conducting a unique, long-duration mission of fundamental physics research in space. The physics objectives include the precise studies of the origin of dark matter, antimatter, and cosmic rays as well as the exploration of new phenomena. Following a 16-year period of construction and testing, and a precursor flight on the Space Shuttle, AMS was installed on the ISS on May 19, 2011. In this report we present results based on 120 billion charged cosmic ray events up to multi-TeV energies. This includes the fluxes of positrons, electrons, antiprotons, protons, and nuclei. These results provide unexpected information, which cannot be explained by the current theoretical models. The accuracy and characteristics of the data, simultaneously from many different types of cosmic rays, provide unique input to the understanding of origins, acceleration, and propagation of cosmic rays

Properties of Iron Primary Cosmic Rays: Results from the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer

We report the observation of new properties of primary iron (Fe) cosmic rays in the rigidity range 2.65 GV to 3.0 TV with 0.62 million iron nuclei collected by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer experiment on the International Space Station. Above 80.5 GV the rigidity dependence of the cosmic ray Fe flux is identical to the rigidity dependence of the primary cosmic ray He, C, and O fluxes, with the Fe/O flux ratio being constant at 0.155±0.006. This shows that unexpectedly Fe and He, C, and O belong to the same class of primary cosmic rays which is different from the primary cosmic rays Ne, Mg, and Si class

Electron and positron fluxes in primary cosmic rays measured with the alpha magnetic spectrometer on the international space station

Precision measurements by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station of the primary cosmic-ray electron flux in the range 0.5 to 700 GeV and the positron flux in the range 0.5 to 500 GeV are presented. The electron flux and the positron flux each require a description beyond a single power-law spectrum. Both the electron flux and the positron flux change their behavior at &sim;30GeV but the fluxes are significantly different in their magnitude and energy dependence. Between 20 and 200 GeV the positron spectral index is significantly harder than the electron spectral index. The determination of the differing behavior of the spectral indices versus energy is a new observation and provides important information on the origins of cosmic-ray electrons and positrons.</p