Seasonality of the secretory ducts and essential oil of Foeniculum vulgare var. vulgare Mill. (Apiaceae)

This work aimed to analyze the secretory ducts and the essential oil of the leaves of Foeniculum vulgare in different periods of the year. For this purpose, the anatomic characterization, and histochemical tests of the leaves were performed as well as the comparative anatomy of the secretory ducts. The essential oil was obtained from the leaves and fruits by hidrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer, each analysis was repeated three times for leaves collected during the winter and spring, and for fruits collected in the Summer. The results obtained for the secretory ducts, corresponded to the yield reduction of essential oil in the leaves collected in the end of the spring. The major substance of the essential oil of the leaves and fruits, in all seasons of the year was trans-anetol. Therefore, it was evidenced that the secretory ducts and yield of essential oils are related, and also that the substances are subject to the seasonality, according to the phenologic stage of the plant.Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar os ductos secretores e o óleo essencial das folhas de Foeniculum vulgare em diferentes épocas do ano. Para esta finalidade, foram realizados estudos de caracterização anatômica, bem como anatomia comparada dos ductos secretores e testes histoquímicos das folhas. O óleo essencial foi obtido de folhas e frutos, por hidrodestilação em aparelho de Clevenger e analisados quantitativamente e qualitativamente por cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada ao espectrômetro de massa, realizando-se análises seguidas de três réplicas para folhas coletadas durante o inverno e primavera, e frutos no verão. Os resultados encontrados para os ductos secretores de óleo corresponderam à redução do teor de óleo essencial nas folhas coletadas no final da primavera. O componente majoritário do óleo essencial de folhas e frutos foi o trans-anetol, durante todas as estações do ano. Portanto, evidenciou-se que os ductos secretores e teor de óleo essencial estão relacionados, bem como os constituintes químicos também estão sujeitos a sazonalidade, conforme o estágio fenológico da planta

Experimental Dynamical Variables Of A Chaotic Co2 Laser With Saturable Absorber

A weak continuous beam of a CO2 laser was used to probe the time changing gain and absorption inside the cavity of a passive Q-switching CO2 laser with SF6 gas in an intracavity saturable absorber cell. The probe variations detected simultaneously with the laser intensity pulses gave experimental projection planes of the chaotic system attractor.55324632466Tachikawa, M., Hong, F.L., Tanii, K., Shimizu, T., (1988) Phys. Rev. Lett., 60, p. 2266Dangoisse, D., Bekkali, A., Papoff, F., Glorieux, P., (1988) Europhys. Lett., 6, p. 335Zambon, B., De Tomasi, F., Hennequin, D., Arimondo, E., (1989) Phys. Rev. A, 40, p. 3782Lefranc, M., Hennequin, D., Dangoisse, D., (1991) J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 8, p. 239Zambon, B., (1991) Phys. Rev. A, 44, p. 688Papoff, F., Fioretti, A., Arimondo, E., Mindlin, G.B., Solari, H., Gilmore, R., (1992) Phys. Rev. Lett., 68, p. 1128Alcantara Jr., P., Guidoni, L., Barsella, A., Fioretti, A., Arimondo, E., (1995) J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 12, p. 1326. , and references cited thereinLiu, Y., Rios Leite, J.R., (1992) Opt. Commun., 88, p. 391Liu, Y., Rios Leite, J.R., (1994) Phys. Lett. A, 191, p. 134Sugawara, T., Tachikawa, M., Tsukamoto, T., Shimizu, T., (1994) Phys. Rev. Lett., 72, p. 3502Liu, Y., De Oliveira, P.C., Danailov, M.B., Rios Leite, J.R., (1994) Phys. Rev. A, 50, p. 3464Bobin, B., Borde, Ch.J., Borde, J., Breant, Ch., (1987) J. Mol. Spectrosc., 121, p. 91Di Lorenzo-Filho, O., De Oliveira, P.C., Rios Leite, J.R., (1991) Opt. Lett., 16, p. 1768Witteman, W.J., (1987) The CO2 Laser, , Springer-Verlag, New YorkDangoisse, D., Glorieux, P., Hennequin, D., (1990) Phys. Rev. A, 42, p. 1551Grassberger, P., Procaccia, I., (1983) Phys. Rev. Lett., 50, p. 346Lefranc, M., Hennequin, D., Glorieux, P., (1992) Phys. Lett. A, 163, p. 26

Influence Of Surface Treatments On Enamel Susceptibility To Staining By Cigarette Smoke

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of remineralizing agents, including artificial saliva, neutral fluoride, and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), on the susceptibility of bleached enamel to staining by cigarette smoke. Study design: Fifty bovine enamel blocks were randomly divided into five groups (n = 10): G1- bleaching; G2- bleaching and immersion in artificial saliva; G3- bleaching and application of CPP-ACP; G4- bleaching and application of neutral fluoride; and G5- untreated (Control). Teeth were bleached with 35% hydrogen peroxide and treated with the appropriate remineralizing agent. After treatment, all groups were exposed to cigarette smoke. Enamel color measurements were performed at three different times: before treatment (T1), after treatment (bleaching and remineralizing agent) (T2), and after staining (T3), by using the CIE Lab method with a spectrophotometer. The data coordinate L* was evaluated by analysis of repeated-measures PROC MIXED and Tukey-Kramer's test, and the E values were submitted to one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (a = 0.05). Results: The G1 group did not show any statistically significant difference for L* values between times T1 and T2. The G4 and G5 groups showed lower L* values at T3 compared to T2. No significant differences between the groups were observed for E (after treatment and staining). However, G4 showed a clinically apparent color change. Conclusions: Treatment of bleached enamel with neutral fluoride can contribute to the increased staining of enamel due to cigarette smoke. © Medicina Oral S. L. C.I.F. B 96689336 - eISSN: 1989-5488.54163168Lewinstein, I., Hirschfeld, Z., Stabholz, A., Rotstein, I., Effect of hydrogen peroxide and sodium perborate on the microhardness of human enamel and dentin (1994) J Endod., 20, pp. 61-3McEvoy, S.A., Chemical agents for removing intrinsic stains from vital teeth (1989) I. Technique development. Quintessence Int., 20, pp. 323-8Joiner, A., The bleaching of teeth: a review of the literature (2006) J Dent., 34, pp. 412-9Sulieman, M., An overview of bleaching techniques: I (2004) History, chemistry, safety and legal aspects. Dent Update., 31, pp. 608-10. , 612-4, 616McGuckin, R.S., Babin, J.F., Meyer, B.J., Alterations in human enamel surface morphology following vital bleaching (1992) J Prosthet Dent., 68, pp. 754-60Pinto, C.F., Oliveira, R.D., Cavalli, V., Giannini, M., Peroxide bleaching agent effects on enamel surface microhardness, roughness and morphology (2004) Braz Oral Res., 18, pp. 306-11Berger, S.B., Coelho, A.S., Oliveira, V.A., Cavalli, V., Giannini, M., Enamel susceptibility to red wine staining after 35% hydrogen peroxide bleaching (2008) J Appl Oral Sci., 16, pp. 201-4Setien, V., Roshan, S., Cala, C., Ramirez, R., Pigmentation susceptibility of teeth after bleaching with 2 systems: an in vitro study (2009) Quintessence Int., 40, pp. 47-52Ernst, C.P., Marroquín, B.B., Willershausen-Zönnchen, B., Effects of hydrogen peroxide-containing bleaching agents on the morphology of human enamel (1996) Quintessence Int., 27, pp. 53-6Josey, A.L., Meyers, I.A., Romaniuk, K., Symons, A.L., The effect of a vital bleaching technique on enamel surface morphology and the bonding of composite resin to enamel (1996) J Oral Rehabil., 23, pp. 244-50Attin, T., Kielbassa, A.M., Schwanenberg, M., Hellwig, E., Effect of fluoride treatment on remineralization of bleached enamel (1997) J Oral Rehabil., 24, pp. 282-6Serra, M.C., Cury, J.A., The in vitro effect of glass-ionomer cement restoration on enamel subjected to a demineralization and remineralization model (1992) Quintessence Int., 23, pp. 143-7ten Cate, J.M., Review on fluoride, with special emphasis on calcium fluoride mechanisms in caries prevention (1997) Eur J Oral Sci., 105, pp. 461-5Reynolds, E.C., Cai, F., Cochrane, N.J., Shen, P., Walker, G.D., Morgan, M.V., Fluoride and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (2008) J Dent Res., 87, pp. 344-8Cochrane, N.J., Cai, F., Huq, N.L., Burrow, M.F., Reynolds, E.C., New approaches to enhanced remineralization of tooth enamel (2010) J Dent Res., 89, pp. 1187-97Ferreira Sda, S., Araújo, J.L., Morhy, O.N., Tapety, C.M., Youssef, M.N., Sobral, M.A., The effect of fluoride therapies on the morphology of bleached human dental enamel (2011) Microsc Res Tech., 74, pp. 512-6Hamba, H., Nikaido, T., Inoue, G., Sadr, A., Tagami, J., Effects of CPPACP with sodium fluoride on inhibition of bovine enamel demineralization: a quantitative assessment using micro-computed tomography (2011) J Dent., 39, pp. 405-13Weir, A., Westerhoff, P., Fabricius, L., Hristovski, K., von Goetz, N., Titanium dioxide nanoparticles in food and personal care products (2012) Environ Sci Technol., 46, pp. 2242-50Cunha, A.G., De Vasconcelos, A.A., Borges, B.C., Vitoriano Jde, O., Alves-Junior, C., Machado, C.T., Efficacy of in-office bleaching techniques combined with the application of a casein phosphopeptideamorphous calcium phosphate paste at different moments and its influence on enamel surface properties (2012) Microsc Res Tech., 75, pp. 1019- 25Cavalli, V., Rodrigues, L.K., Paes-Leme, A.F., Brancalion, M.L., Arruda, M.A., Berger, S.B., Effects of bleaching agents containing fluoride and calcium on human enamel (2010) Quintessence Int., 41, pp. e157-65Liporoni, P.C., Souto, C.M., Pazinatto, R.B., Cesar, I.C., de Rego, M.A., Mathias, P., Enamel susceptibility to coffee and red wine staining at different intervals elapsed from bleaching: a photoreflectance spectrophotometry analysis (2010) Photomed Laser Surg., 28, pp. S105-9Rotstein, I., Dankner, E., Goldman, A., Heling, I., Stabholz, A., Zalkind, M., Histochemical analysis of dental hard tissues following bleaching (1996) J Endod., 22, pp. 23-5Cakir, F.Y., Korkmaz, Y., Firat, E., Oztas, S.S., Gurgan, S., Chemical analysis of enamel and dentin following the application of three different at-home bleaching systems (2011) Oper Dent., 36, pp. 529-36Kwon, Y.H., Huo, M.S., Kim, K.H., Kim, S.K., Kim, Y.J., Effects of hydrogen peroxide on the light reflectance and morphology of bovine enamel (2002) J Oral Rehabil., 29, pp. 473-7Gomes, M.N., Francci, C., Medeiros, I.S., De Godoy Froes Salgado, N.R., Riehl, H., Marasca, J.M., Effect of light irradiation on tooth whitening: enamel microhardness and color change (2009) J Esthet Restor Dent., 21, pp. 387-94Singh, R.D., Ram, S.M., Shetty, O., Chand, P., Yadav, R., Efficacy of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate to prevent stain absorption on freshly bleached enamel: An in vitro study (2010) J Conserv Dent., 13, pp. 76-

Graded Poisson-Sigma Models and Dilaton-Deformed 2D Supergravity Algebra

Fermionic extensions of generic 2d gravity theories obtained from the graded Poisson-Sigma model (gPSM) approach show a large degree of ambiguity. In addition, obstructions may reduce the allowed range of fields as given by the bosonic theory, or even prohibit any extension in certain cases. In our present work we relate the finite W-algebras inherent in the gPSM algebra of constraints to algebras which can be interpreted as supergravities in the usual sense (Neuveu-Schwarz or Ramond algebras resp.), deformed by the presence of the dilaton field. With very straightforward and natural assumptions on them --like demanding rigid supersymmetry in a certain flat limit, or linking the anti-commutator of certain fermionic charges to the Hamiltonian constraint-- in the ``genuine'' supergravity obtained in this way the ambiguities disappear, as well as the obstructions referred to above. Thus all especially interesting bosonic models (spherically reduced gravity, the Jackiw-Teitelboim model etc.)\ under these conditions possess a unique fermionic extension and are free from new singularities. The superspace supergravity model of Howe is found as a special case of this supergravity action. For this class of models the relation between bosonic potential and prepotential does not introduce obstructions as well.Comment: 22 pages, LaTeX, JHEP class. v3: Final version, to appear in JHE

Dilepton mass spectra in p+p collisions at sqrt(s)= 200 GeV and the contribution from open charm

The PHENIX experiement has measured the electron-positron pair mass spectrum from 0 to 8 GeV/c^2 in p+p collisions at sqrt(s)=200 GeV. The contributions from light meson decays to e^+e^- pairs have been determined based on measurements of hadron production cross sections by PHENIX. They account for nearly all e^+e^- pairs in the mass region below 1 GeV/c^2. The e^+e^- pair yield remaining after subtracting these contributions is dominated by semileptonic decays of charmed hadrons correlated through flavor conservation. Using the spectral shape predicted by PYTHIA, we estimate the charm production cross section to be 544 +/- 39(stat) +/- 142(syst) +/- 200(model) \mu b, which is consistent with QCD calculations and measurements of single leptons by PHENIX.Comment: 375 authors from 57 institutions, 18 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables. Submitted to Physics Letters B. v2 fixes technical errors in matching authors to institutions. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.htm

Inclusive cross section and double helicity asymmetry for \pi^0 production in p+p collisions at sqrt(s)=200 GeV: Implications for the polarized gluon distribution in the proton

The PHENIX experiment presents results from the RHIC 2005 run with polarized proton collisions at sqrt(s)=200 GeV, for inclusive \pi^0 production at mid-rapidity. Unpolarized cross section results are given for transverse momenta p_T=0.5 to 20 GeV/c, extending the range of published data to both lower and higher p_T. The cross section is described well for p_T < 1 GeV/c by an exponential in p_T, and, for p_T > 2 GeV/c, by perturbative QCD. Double helicity asymmetries A_LL are presented based on a factor of five improvement in uncertainties as compared to previously published results, due to both an improved beam polarization of 50%, and to higher integrated luminosity. These measurements are sensitive to the gluon polarization in the proton, and exclude maximal values for the gluon polarization.Comment: 375 authors, 7 pages, 3 figures. Submitted to Phys. Rev. D, Rapid Communications. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.htm

System Size and Energy Dependence of Jet-Induced Hadron Pair Correlation Shapes in Cu+Cu and Au+Au Collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 and 62.4 GeV

We present azimuthal angle correlations of intermediate transverse momentum (1-4 GeV/c) hadrons from {dijets} in Cu+Cu and Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 62.4 and 200 GeV. The away-side dijet induced azimuthal correlation is broadened, non-Gaussian, and peaked away from \Delta\phi=\pi in central and semi-central collisions in all the systems. The broadening and peak location are found to depend upon the number of participants in the collision, but not on the collision energy or beam nuclei. These results are consistent with sound or shock wave models, but pose challenges to Cherenkov gluon radiation models.Comment: 464 authors from 60 institutions, 6 pages, 3 figures, 2 tables. Submitted to Physical Review Letters. Plain text data tables for the points plotted in figures for this and previous PHENIX publications are (or will be) publicly available at http://www.phenix.bnl.gov/papers.htm