An estimate of Sandia resources for underground nuclear weapons effects testing.

We conducted a study of the time and resources that would be required for Sandia National Laboratories to once again perform nuclear weapons effects experiments of the sort that it did in the past. The study is predicated on the assumptions that if underground nuclear weapons effects testing (UG/NWET) is ever resumed, (1) a brief series of tests (i.e., 2-3) would be done, and (2) all required resources other than those specific to SNL experiments would be provided by others. The questions that we sought to answer were: (1) What experiments would SNL want to do and why? (2) How much would they cost? (3) How long would they take to field? To answer these questions, we convened panels of subject matter experts first to identify five experiments representative of those that SNL has done in the past, and then to determine the costs and timelines to design, fabricate and field each of them. We found that it would cost $76M to$84M to do all five experiments, including 164 to 174 FTEs to conduct all five experiments in a single test. Planning and expenditures for some of the experiments needed to start as early as 5.5 years prior to zero-day, and some work would continue up to 2 years beyond the event. Using experienced personnel as mentors, SNL could probably field such experiments within the next five years. However, beyond that time frame, loss of personnel would place us in the position of essentially starting over

PROPERTIES OF SIZE SELECTED SODIUM DOPED SOLVENT CLUSTERS

Author Institution: Max-Planck-Institut fur Dynamik und Selbstorganisation, Bunsenstr. 10, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany; Institut fur Physikalische Chemie, Universitat Gottingen, Tammannstr. 6, D-37077 Gottingen, GermanyThe properties of hydrogen bonded solvent clusters are investigated with a size selective molecular beam experiment. The doped solvent clusters were generated in a continuous supersonic pinhole expansion and were photoionized by a tunable dye laser system, follwed by mass analysis in a reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer.\\ Sodium doped ammonia clusters show a strong size dependence of the ionization potential (IP). It decreases with the size of the clusters} \textbf{122}, 2005, 134301.}. The IPs of sodium doped water clusters $\mathrm{Na(H_2O)_n}$ only show a size dependent decrease for clusters up to n=4. For larger clusters a constant IP is found} \textbf{67}, 1991, 1767-1770.}.\\ The IPs provide important information on the cluster structures. Currently, size selective properties of sodium doped methanol clusters are being investigated, to learn more about the structures of these clusters and the solvated electrons.\

NebulaStream: Complex Analytics Beyond the Cloud

The arising Internet of Things (IoT) will require significant changes to current stream processing engines (SPEs) to enable large-scale IoT applications. In this paper, we present challenges and opportunities for an IoT data management system to enable complex analytics beyond the cloud. As one of the most important upcoming IoT applications, we focus on the vision of a smart city. The goal of this paper is to bridge the gap between the requirements of upcoming IoT applications and the supported features of an IoT data management system. To this end, we outline how state-of-the-art SPEs have to change to exploit the new capabilities of the IoT and showcase how we tackle IoT challenges in our own system, NebulaStream. This paper lays the foundation for a new type of systems that leverages the IoT to enable large-scale applications over millions of IoT devices in highly dynamic and geo-distributed environments

High Frequency Design Considerations for the Large Detector Number and Small Form Factor Dual Electron Spectrometer of the Fast Plasma Investigation on NASA's Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission

Each half of the Dual Electron Spectrometer (DES) of the Fast Plasma Investigation (FPI) on NASA's Magnetospheric MultiScale (MMS) mission utilizes a microchannel plate Chevron stack feeding 16 separate detection channels each with a dedicated anode and amplifier/discriminator chip. The desire to detect events on a single channel with a temporal spacing of 100 ns and a fixed dead-time drove our decision to use an amplifier/discriminator with a very fast (GHz class) front end. Since the inherent frequency response of each pulse in the output of the DES microchannel plate system also has frequency components above a GHz, this produced a number of design constraints not normally expected in electronic systems operating at peak speeds of 10 MHz. Additional constraints are imposed by the geometry of the instrument requiring all 16 channels along with each anode and amplifier/discriminator to be packaged in a relatively small space. We developed an electrical model for board level interactions between the detector channels to allow us to design a board topology which gave us the best detection sensitivity and lowest channel to channel crosstalk. The amplifier/discriminator output was designed to prevent the outputs from one channel from producing triggers on the inputs of other channels. A number of Radio Frequency design techniques were then applied to prevent signals from other subsystems (e.g. the high voltage power supply, command and data handling board, and Ultraviolet stimulation for the MCP) from generating false events. These techniques enabled us to operate the board at its highest sensitivity when operated in isolation and at very high sensitivity when placed into the overall system

Dual Electron Spectrometer for Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission: Results of the Comprehensive Tests of the Engineering Test Unit

The Magnetospheric Multiscale mission (MMS) is designed to study fundamental phenomena in space plasma physics such as a magnetic reconnection. The mission consists of four spacecraft, equipped with identical scientific payloads, allowing for the first measurements of fast dynamics in the critical electron diffusion region where magnetic reconnection occurs and charged particles are demagnetized. The MMS orbit is optimized to ensure the spacecraft spend extended periods of time in locations where reconnection is known to occur: at the dayside magnetopause and in the magnetotail. In order to resolve fine structures of the three dimensional electron distributions in the diffusion region (reconnection site), the Fast Plasma Investigation's (FPI) Dual Electron Spectrometer (DES) is designed to measure three dimensional electron velocity distributions with an extremely high time resolution of 30 ms. In order to achieve this unprecedented sampling rate, four dual spectrometers, each sampling 180 x 45 degree sections of the sky, are installed on each spacecraft. We present results of the comprehensive tests performed on the DES Engineering & Test Unit (ETU). This includes main parameters of the spectrometer such as energy resolution, angular acceptance, and geometric factor along with their variations over the 16 pixels spanning the 180-degree tophat Electro Static Analyzer (ESA) field of view and over the energy of the test beam. A newly developed method for precisely defining the operational space of the instrument is presented as well. This allows optimization of the trade-off between pixel to pixel crosstalk and uniformity of the main spectrometer parameters

EL ENFOQUE LÉXICO Y LA ADQUISICIÓN DE VOCABULARIO EN INGLÉS CON FINES ESPECÍFICOS – ENFERMERÍA

La adquisición de vocabulario es uno de los aspectos centrales en el aprendizaje de una segunda lengua (Folse, 2004a); sin embargo, es el menos importante en muchos contextos de enseñanza (Torres Ramírez, 2012), entre ellos el de lenguas con fines específicos. En general, se asume que la adquisición de vocabulario ocurre de manera incidental (Folse, 2004b). El enfoque léxico, propuesto por Lewis (1993, 1997a, 1997b, 2000), enfatiza más bien la enseñanza explícita de los patrones léxicos de la lengua. En el presente artículo se reporta un estudio cuyo objetivo fue determinar la efectividad del enfoque léxico para promover la adquisición de vocabulario en un curso de Inglés Instrumental II en la Escuela de Enfermería de la Universidad Central de Venezuela. Para ello se diseñó una investigación cuasiexperimental con pretest y postest, con grupo control (18 participantes) y grupo experimental (15 participantes). Ambos grupos trabajaron el mismo material de lectura durante un semestre, pero el grupo experimental realizó también una serie de actividades diseñadas con base en el enfoque léxico. Los datos fueron analizados mediante la prueba no paramétrica U de Mann-Whitney. Los resultados obtenidos permiten concluir que el uso del enfoque léxico promueve y facilita la adquisición de vocabulario.The Lexical Approach and Acquisition of Vocabulary in English for Specific Purposes – NursingABSTRACTOne of the central aspects of learning a second language is the acquisition of vocabulary (Folse, 2004a). However, it is the least important in many teaching contexts (Torres Ramírez, 2012), including languages for specific purposes. It is often assumed that the acquisition of vocabulary occurs incidentally (Folse, 2004b). The lexical approach, proposed by Lewis (1993, 1997a, 1997b, 2000), emphasizes, on the contrary, the explicit teaching of the lexical patterns of language. In this article we report a quasi-experimental study that was carried out to determine if the use of the lexical approach fosters the acquisition of vocabulary in a course of Instrumental English II, at the School of Nursing at Universidad Central de Venezuela. The research design included a pretest and posttest and two groups: a control group (18 participants) and an experimental group (15 participants). Both groups used the same reading materials in their regular classes during one semester, but the experimental group also did a series of activities based on the lexical approach. The data were analyzed with the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. The results show that the use of the lexical approach promotes vocabulary acquisition.L’approche lexicale et l’acquisition du vocabulaire en anglais à des fins spécifiques – soins infirmiersRÉSUMÉL’acquisition du vocabulaire est l’un des axes de l’apprentissage d’une langue seconde (Folse, 2004a). Néanmoins, c’est aussi le moins important dans de nombreux contextes d’enseignement (Torres Ramírez, 2012), dont celui des langues à des fins spécifiques. D’habitude, l’acquisition du vocabulaire est présumée être accidentelle (Folse, 2004b). L’approche lexicale, proposée par Lewis (1993, 1997a, 1997b, 2000), met l’accent davantage sur l’enseignement explicite des schémas lexicaux de la langue. Cet article fait l’état d’une étude visant à déterminer l’efficacité de l’approche lexicale pour encourager l’acquisition du vocabulaire dans un cours d’anglais spécialisé à l’École de soins infirmiers de l’Université centrale du Venezuela. Dans ce but, une recherche quasi-expérimentale avec un pré-test et un post-test a été conçue, dont le groupe témoin s’est composé de 18 participants et le groupe expérimental s’est composé de 15 participants. Les deux groupes ont travaillé avec les mêmes matériels de lecture pendant un semestre, mais le groupe expérimental a aussi participé à une série d’activités conçues autour de l’approche lexicale. Les données ont été analysées au moyen du test non paramétrique U de Mann-Whitney. Les résultats ont permis de conclure que l’emploi de l’approche lexicale encourage et rend plus facile l’acquisition du vocabulaire.Abordagem léxica e a aquisição de vocabulário em Inglês para Fins Específicos - EnfermagemRESUMOA aquisição de vocabulário é um dos aspectos fundamentais no aprendizado de uma segunda língua (Folse, 2004a); no entanto, é o menos importante em muitos entornos educacionais (Torres Ramírez, 2012), dentre eles os de línguas para fins específicos. Em geral, verifica-se que a aquisição de vocabulário ocorre incidentalmente (Folse, 2004b). A abordagem léxica, proposta por Lewis (1993, 1997a, 1997b, 2000) enfatiza mais no ensino explícito dos padrões léxicos da língua. No presente artigo é analisado um estudo cujo objetivo foi determinar a efetividade da abordagem léxica para promover a aquisição de vocabulário em um curso de Inglês Instrumental II na Escola de Enfermagem da Universidade Central da Venezuela. Para isso, foi realizada uma pesquisa quase experimental com pré e pós-teste, com um grupo controle (18 participantes) e um grupo experimental (15 participantes). Ambos os grupos trabalharam com o mesmo material de leitura durante um semestre, mas o grupo experimental também realizou uma série de atividades fundamentadas na abordagem léxica. Os dados foram analisados mediante a prova não paramétrica U de Mann-Whitney. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que o uso da abordagem léxica promove e facilita a aquisição de vocabulário