Praetor Formula as an Instrument of Conceptual Legal Thinking in Roman Private Law of the Pre-Classical and Classical Periods

The article discusses the formula, which is a means of fixing the claim in Roman private law of the pre -classical and classical periods. The nature and essence of the formula are quite little studied in the special legal literature. At the same time, most authors are limited to the general characteristic of the structure of the formulas, indicating that in the formulary process the documentary formula had the same meaning that in the legis actio were legitimate claims declared orally. According to the authors, the study of the formula should be based on the general laws of the evolution of Roman private law. The work proves that the emergence of the formula is an indicator of the transformation of associative-shaped legal thinking into a conceptual thinking, and the formula itself is an important tool for conceptual thinking used to construct subjective rights, as well as giving them formal certainty and legal force

Legal Science and Development of the Educational Competencies of the Lawyer

In the article some theoretical questions of the competence approach in the sphere of higher legal education are considered. According to the authors, the development of the entire system of educational competencies of students is facilitated by the formation of their research and development competencies, which for this reason should be given special attention. Based on this, the paper suggests recommendations for improving the competence approach

The Structure of Thin-Film Composites (CoFeZr)-(MgF)

The structure of nanocomposites thin-film (CoFeZr)-(MgF) was studied in a wide range of metal phase concentrations (7 ≤ x, at.% ≤ 55). The phase and elemental composition in the initial state and after annealing were studied

Late Little Ice Age palaeoenvironmental records from the Anzali and Amirkola Lagoons (south Caspian Sea): Vegetation and sea level changes

This is a postprint version of the article. The official published article can be found from the link below - Copyright @ 2011 Elsevier Ltd.Two internationally important Ramsar lagoons on the south coast of the Caspian Sea (CS) have been studied by palynology on short sediment cores for palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic investigations. The sites lie within a small area of very high precipitation in a region that is otherwise dry. Vegetation surveys and geomorphological investigations have been used to provide a background to a multidisciplinary interpretation of the two sequences covering the last four centuries. In the small lagoon of Amirkola, the dense alder forested wetland has been briefly disturbed by fire, followed by the expansion of rice paddies from AD1720 to 1800. On the contrary, the terrestrial vegetation reflecting the diversity of the Hyrcanian vegetation around the lagoon of Anzali remained fairly complacent over time. The dinocyst and non-pollen palynomorph assemblages, revealing changes that have occurred in water salinity and water levels, indicate a high stand during the late Little Ice Age (LIA), from AD < 1620 to 1800–1830. In Amirkola, the lagoon spit remained intact over time, whereas in Anzali it broke into barrier islands during the late LIA, which merged into a spit during the subsequent sea level drop. A high population density and infrastructure prevented renewed breaking up of the spit when sea level reached its maximum (AD1995). Similar to other sites in the region around the southern CS, these two lagoonal investigations indicate that the LIA had a higher sea level as a result of more rainfall in the drainage basin of the CS.The coring and the sedimentological analyses were funded by the Iranian National Institute for Oceanography in the framework of a research project entitled “Investigation of the Holocene sediment along the Iranian coast of Caspian Sea: central Guilan”. The radiocarbon date of core HCGL02 was funded by V. Andrieu (Europôle Méditerranéen de l'Arbois, France) and that of core HCGA04 by Brunel University

EFFECT OF ANNEALING ON THE MAGNETORESISTIVE PROPERTIES OF (Co47Fe42Zr11)х(MgF2)100-х COMPOSITES

Magnetic and magnetoresistive properties of (CoFeZr)х(MgF2)100-х thin film composites have been investigated in wide range of metal phase concentration (14 ат.% ≤ х ≤ 52 ат.%). The composites were studied in initial state and after heat treatment at different temperatures up to 350 oC.Работа выполнена при поддержке Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации (проект № FZGM-2023-0006)

Modern pollen rain–vegetation relationships along a forest–steppe transect in the Golestan National Park, NE Iran

Pollen rain-vegetation relationships were studied over a forest-steppe transect in Golestan National Park, NE Iran. The surface pollen percentages were compared to the vegetation composition of the respective vegetation types in 18 sampling points using both descriptive and numerical approaches. Hyrcanian lowland forests are characterized by pollen assemblages dominated by Quercus, Carpinus betulus and low frequencies of Zelkova carpinifolia. Both Parrotia persica and Zelkova carpinifolia show a very low pollen representation in modern surface samples, an under-representation that should be taken into account in the interpretation of past vegetation records. Transitional communities between the forest and steppe including Acer monspessulanum subsp. turcomanicum, Crataegus and Paliurus scrubs, Juniperus excelsa woodlands and shrub-steppe patches are more difficult to distinguish in pollen assemblages, however, they are characterized by higher values of the dominant shrub species. The transitional vegetation communities at the immediate vicinity of the forest show also a substantial amount of grass pollen. Many insect-pollinated taxa are strongly under-represented in the pollen rain including most of the rosaceous trees and shrubs, Rhamnus, Paliurus, Acer and Berberis. Artemisia steppes are characterized by very high values of Artemisia pollen and the near absence of tree pollen

Theoretical and Legal Aspects of the Reclamation of Property from Unlawfull Possesion

The article is devoted to the consideration of such issues as the permissibility of applying astrent to vindication claims, the possibility of vindication of property that is not expressed in material form. The focus is on studying the prospects of vindication claims in relation to such a new object of economic relations as cryptocurrency. Using formal-logical, retrospective methods, as well as the method of legal constructions, the author first studies the problem of applying a court penalty under the rules of art. 308.3 of the civil code of the Russian Federation (structurally located in the section on binding rights) to a real-law claim-vindicatson claim; secondly, it analyzes the evolution of scientific views on the permissibility of extrapolating real rights to intangible objects, including those that exist in a virtual environment. It is concluded that the question of the legality of awarding an astrent by a decision to satisfy a vindication claim is not clear in doctrinal terms, but judicial practice, in General, considers this issue positively; currently, Russian science is actively trying to determine the place of digital objects in the field of legal regulation. there are no fundamental obstacles to extrapolating the existing practice of the vindication analogy to the sphere of turnover of digital assets and values

INFLUENCE OF METOPROLOL SUCCINATE ON REGULATORY AND ADAPTIVE STATUS OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEART FAILURE FUNCTIONAL CLASS I. RESULTS OF NOT COMPARATIVE STUDY

Aim. To estimate metoprolol succinate effect on regulatory and adaptive status (RAS) of patients with сhronic heart failure (CHF) functional class (FC) I and arterial hypertension (HT) I-II stages. Material and methods. 51 patients with CHF FC I and HT I-II stage, (30 men and 21 women aged 52.6±1.4 yeas). Cardio-respiratory synchronism (CRS) test, 6-minute walking test, tread-mill burden test with registration of maximal oxygen consumption, 24-hour blood pressure monitoring, echocardiography and determination of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) blood level were performed initially and after 6 months of therapy with metoprolol succinate (dose 78.1±5.7 mg/day) in sustained-release presentation. Results. Metoprolol succinate therapy had no significant effect on RAS (there was no unidirectional dynamics of the basic CRS test parameters: a range of synchronization decreased significantly from 8.8±0.4 to 7.2±0.6 сardio-respiratory cycles per minute (in 18%; р&lt;0.05), and duration of CRS development on the minimal boundary from 18.8±2.2 to 14.3±1.2 сardiocycles (in 24%; р&lt;0,05); RAS index considerably did not change), myocardium structure, exercise tolerance and neuro-humoral activity. Metoprolol therapy only moderately improved left ventricle diastolic function. Conclusion. Metoprolol succinate therapy has no significant effect on RAS of patients with CHF FC I and HT I-II stages

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY EFFECTS ON REGULATORY AND ADAPTIVE STATUS OF PATIENTS WITH FUNCTIONAL CLASS I–II CHRONIC HEART FAILURE

Aim. To identify the optimal therapeutic strategy in Functional Class (FC) I–II chronic heart failure (CHF), in accordance with the effects of different drug classes on the regulatory and adaptive status (RAS). Material and methods. The study included 200 patients with FC I–II CHF, who were randomised into two groups. The first group included 104 patients (mean age 52,8±1,9 years) who received metoprolol succinate extended-release in the mean daily dose of 87,7±7,6 mg. The second group included 96 patients (mean age 55,0±1,4 years) receiving quinapril in the mean daily dose of 21,0±5,5 mg. At baseline and 6 months later, 24-hour blood pressure monitoring, the cardio-respiratory synchronism test, treadmill test with the VO2 max assessment, echocardiography, and the measurement of the plasma levels of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) were performed. Results. Both medications improved the parameters of left ventricular (LV) diastolic function. However, only quinapril effectively improved LV structure, geometry, and systolic function. Only in the quinapril group, exercise capacity and stress test VO2 max increased, while the reduction in NT-proBNP levels, together with the improvement in RAS parameters, was more pronounced. Conclusion. Compared to metoprolol succinate, quinapril demonstrated more pronounced positive effects on cardiac structure and function, as well as on RAS parameters, in patients with FC I–II CHF

Ivabradine therapy effectiveness in patients with chronic heart failure, Functional Class III

Aim. To assess the effectiveness of ivabradine-including therapy, as well as the effects of ivabradine on regulatoryadaptive status (RAS), in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), Functional Class (FC) III. Material and methods. The study included 100 patients with FC III CHF and coronary heart disease (CHD) and/ or Stage III arterial hypertension (AH). The participants were previously prescribed a complex treatment regime. After randomisation, Group I included 56 patients (mean age 62,9±1,8 years), who were additionally administered metoprolol succinate extended-release (mean dose 59,1±4,5 mg/day). Group II (n=44; mean age 59,4±1,3 years) was additionally administered an If channel inhibitor ivabradine, when beta-adrenoblocker (BAB) therapy was not possible. At baseline and 6 months later, participants underwent treadmill test (with VO2max assessment), echocardiography, 24-hour blood pressure monitoring, and the measurement of plasma levels of N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). RAS status was qualitatively assessed in a cardio-respiratory synchronism test. Results. Ivabradine-including therapy improved myocardial structure and function, increased exercise capacity, and demonstrated positive effects on plasma NT-proBNP levels, VO2мах during treadmill test, and RAS status.Conclusion. Ivabradine could be an alternative medication when BAB therapy is not possible in patients with FC III CHF and CHD and/or Stage III AH