ВЛИЯНИЕ СТРОЕНИЯ ЭВАПОРИТОВОЙ ФОРМАЦИИ НА ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ СТРУКТУР СОЛЯНОЙ ТЕКТОНИКИ И ЛОВУШЕК УГЛЕВОДОРОДОВ (ПО РЕЗУЛЬТАТАМ ЧИСЛЕННОГО МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЯ ГАЛОКИНЕЗА В ПРИКАСПИИ)

Within the Pre-Caspian sedimentary basin, there is certain regularity in the distribution of types of structures of salt tectonics. It is characterized by concentric zoning corresponding to the change in the sedimentation thickness of the evaporite sequence. As it increases from 0 to 6 km towards the center of the basin, stamp (embryonic) salt uplifts are replaced by salt pillows first and then by salt domes and diapirs, finally changing to salt massifs and amoeboid-shaped salt ridges. In addition, diapirs in the sections of the Pre-Caspian basin, drawn from the drilling and seismic data, are shaped like high-amplitude "fingers" with a flat base, which is not a typical picture of the Rayleigh – Taylor instability development. Since halokinesis is the main factor controlling the migration and accumulation of hydrocarbons in the Preaspian region, background and aim of prospecting and exploration require identifying the specifics of the formation of various types of salt structures and the relationship between their location patterns and halokinesis process.Numerical simulation shows that, depending on the instable layer thickness and its relationship with the total thickness of the overlying layers, the instability development occurs at different rates, forming different types of structures. When the thickness of the instable layer is greater than or comparable to the thickness of the denser overburden, there occur the salt masses. A greater thickness of the overlying layer gives rise to the formation of classical mushroom-shaped diapirs. A small-thickness low-density layer first undergoes a full bending as it rises, so that its top and bottom turn out to be morphologically similar to each other, thus giving a misleading impression of ordinary stamp folds. Somewhat greater thickness of the low-density layer leads to the development of "pillows" therein. Detailed modeling made it possible to relate the specific shape of the Pre-Caspian diapirs to the fact that the basal and top horizons of the evaporite formation, being composed mainly of terrigenous, carbonate and sulfate rocks, have a normal, non-inverse density and mask complex diapiric structures of halite-saturated domal cores.В пределах Прикаспийского осадочного бассейна наблюдается определенная закономерность в размещении структур соляной тектоники разного типа. Она характеризуется концентрической зональностью, соответствующей изменению седиментационной мощности эвапоритовой толщи. По мере ее нарастания от периферии к центру бассейна от 0 до 6 км штамповые (эмбриональные) соляные поднятия сменяются соляными подушками, затем – соляными куполами и диапирами и, наконец, соляными массивами и амебообразными соляными хребтами. Кроме того, диапиры на разрезах Прикаспия, построенных по данным бурения и сейсморазведки, имеют довольно специфический облик высокоамплитудных «пальцев» с плоской подошвой, не характерный для типичной картины развития неустойчивости Рэлея – Тейлора. Поскольку галокинез является основным фактором, контролирующим миграцию и накопление углеводородов в Прикаспии, для обоснованного нацеливания поисково-разведочных работ нужно выяснить специфику формирования различных типов соляных структур и связи закономерностей их размещения с ходом процесса галокинеза.Численным моделированием показано, что в зависимости от толщины неустойчивого слоя и ее соотношения с общей толщиной перекрывающих слоев развитие неустойчивости идет с разной скоростью, формируя различные типы структур. Когда мощность неустойчивого слоя больше или сопоставима с мощностью более плотных перекрывающих пород, формируются соляные массивы. При большей мощности перекрывающего слоя формируются классические грибообразные диапиры. При малой толщине низкоплотного слоя он, всплывая, вначале изгибается целиком, так что морфология его кровли и подошвы оказывается подобной и возникает обманчивое впечатление обычных штамповых складок. Там, где толщина низкоплотного слоя несколько больше, развиваются «подушки». Детальное моделирование позволило установить, что специфическая форма диапиров Прикаспия может быть обусловлена тем, что базальные и венчающие горизонты эвапоритовой формации, будучи сложенными преимущественно терригенными, карбонатными и сульфатными породами, имеют нормальную, неинверсионную, плотность и маскируют сложные диапировые структуры насыщенных галитом ядер куполов

Неблагоприятные события, произошедшие у больных ревматоидным артритом при длительном наблюдении

   Comorbid diseases and adverse events that occur in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) negatively affect the outcomes of RA (radiological progression, joint function, the occurrence of low-energy fractures, thrombotic events, etc.).   Objective: to study the structure of comorbid diseases and adverse events that occurred in patients with RA over the period of long-term prospective follow-up, to study the impact of these events on the dynamics of the functional status and working capacity of patients.   Materials and methods. Аn open, cohort, prospective, long-term non-interventional study included 103 women with a definite diagnosis of RA (mean age 63.5 ± 8.3 years, follow-up period 8,5 ± 1,3 years). At baseline and in dynamics, standard laboratory and X-ray examinations were carried out.   Results and discussion. There was a decrease in the DAS28 index and the number of patients with high or moderate activity [from 82 (85 %) to 67 (69 %), p = 0.02] against the background of an increase in the number of patients with remission or low activity [from 15 (15 %) to 30 (31 %), p = 0.012], at the same time there was an increase in the number of patients with ankylosis of joints [from 25 (24 %) to 41 (40 %), p = 0.017], functional class III [from 3 (3 %) to 15 (15 %), p=0.004], concomitant diseases [from 81 (79 %) to 94 (91 %), p = 0.015], thrombotic events [from 7 (7 %) to 18 (17 %), p = 0.027]. In 43 (42 %) patients 55 low-energy fractures were registered, in 24 (56 %) of them fractures occurred for the first time and in 19 (44 %) – repeatedly.   Conclusion. As the prospective long-term follow-up shows, despite the decrease in RA activity, the number of patients with ankylosis, joint dysfunction and concomitant diseases increased. In the structure of concomitant diseases coronary heart disease and arterial hypertension dominated. A high incidence of thrombotic events, repeated and first-time low-energy fractures was noted. The number of disabled patients increased fivefold.   Коморбидные заболевания и другие неблагоприятные события, возникающие у больных ревматоидным артритом (РА), негативно влияют на исходы РА (рентгенологическое прогрессирование, функциональные нарушения, низкоэнергетические переломы, тромботические события и др.).   Цель исследования – изучить структуру коморбидных заболеваний и других неблагоприятных событий, произошедших за время проспективного наблюдения, их влияние на динамику функционального статуса и трудоспособности больных РА.   Материал и методы. В открытое когортное проспективное многолетнее неинтервенционное исследование включено 103 женщины с достоверным диагнозом РА (средний возраст – 63,5 ± 8,3 года, длительность наблюдения – 8,5 ± 1,3 года). Исходно и в динамике проведено общепринятое лабораторное и рентгенологическое обследование.   Результаты и обсуждение. Выявлено снижение индекса DAS28 и числа больных с высокой или умеренной активностью [с 82 (85 %) до 67 (69 %), р = 0,02] на фоне увеличения числа пациенток с ремиссией или низкой активностью [с 15 (15 %) до 30 (31 %), р = 0,012], в то же время возросло число больных с анкилозом суставов [с 25 (24 %) до 41 (40 %), р = 0,017], III функциональным классом [с 3 (3 %) до 15 (15 %), р = 0,004], коморбидными заболеваниями [с 81 (79 %) до 94 (91 %), р = 0,015], тромботическими событиями [с 7 (7 %) до 18 (17 %), р = 0,027]. У 43 (42 %) больных зарегистрировано 55 низкоэнергетических переломов, у 24 (56 %) из них переломы возникли впервые и у 19 (44 %) – повторно.   Заключение. Как показало многолетнее проспективное наблюдение, несмотря на снижение активности РА, увеличилось число больных с анкилозом, нарушением функции суставов и коморбидными заболеваниями, в структуре которых преобладали ишемическая болезнь сердца и гипертоническая болезнь. Отмечена высокая частота тромботических событий, повторных и впервые произошедших низкоэнергетических переломов. Количество нетрудоспособных пациенток возросло в 5 раз

Анализ приверженности лечению у больных ревматоидным артритом

Patients' adherence to drug therapy, medical support and implementation of the doctor's recommendations for lifestyle changes can affect the effectiveness of therapy and quality of life in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Objective: to analyze adherence to treatment, medical support and implementation of recommendations for changing the lifestyle in RA patients, including those with and without low-energy bone fractures.Patients and methods. The study included 88 women with a definite diagnosis of RA. All patients were followed up for a long time (on average 8.45±1.34 years) at V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology. All patients underwent clinical, radiological and laboratory examinations, and a questionnaire for the quantitative assessment of adherence to treatment was completed.Results and discussion. The integral indicator of adherence to treatment in 30 (34%) patients corresponded to a low level, in 51 (58%) – to an average level, and in 7 (8%) – to a high level. Low adherence to medical support was more often determined in patients with anxiety (p=0.02) and depression (p=0.04). The intake of oral glucocorticoids (GC) was associated with a high adherence to drug therapy (p=0.01). Adherence rates in the group of RA patients with and without bone fractures did not differ significantly. Functional disorders and the severity of radiological changes also did not differ significantly in patients with different levels of adherence.Conclusion. Patients with RA had predominantly an average level of adherence to drug therapy, medical support, and a low level of adherence to recommendations for lifestyle changes. Oral GC were associated with high adherence to drug therapy, while low adherence to medical support was associated with anxiety and depression. Treatment adherence rates in the group of RA patients with and without bone fractures did not differ.Приверженность пациентов лекарственной терапии, медицинскому сопровождению и выполнению рекомендаций врача по изменению образа жизни может влиять на эффективность терапии и качество жизни при ревматоидном артрите (РА).Цель исследования – анализ приверженности лечению, медицинскому сопровождению и выполнению рекомендаций по изменению образа жизни у больных РА, в том числе с низкоэнергетическими переломами костей и без таковых.Пациенты и методы. В исследование было включено 88 женщин с достоверным диагнозом РА. Все пациентки длительно (в среднем 8,45±1,34 года) наблюдались в ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. Насоновой». Всем больным было проведено клиническое, рентгенологическое и лабораторное обследование, заполнен опросник количественной оценки приверженности лечению (КОП-25).Результаты и обсуждение. Интегральный показатель приверженности лечению у 30 (34%) больных соответствовал низкому уровню, у 51 (58%) – среднему и у 7 (8%) – высокому. Низкая приверженность медицинскому сопровождению чаще определялась у пациенток с тревогой (p=0,02) и депрессией (p=0,04). Прием пероральных глюкокортикоидов (ГК) ассоциировался с высокой приверженностью лекарственной терапии (p=0,01). Показатели приверженности в группе больных РА с переломами костей и без таковых значимо не различались. Функциональные нарушения и выраженность рентгенологических изменений также значимо не различались у больных с разными уровнями приверженности.Заключение. Больные РА имели преимущественно средний уровень приверженности лекарственной терапии, медицинскому сопровождению и низкий уровень приверженности рекомендациям по изменению образа жизни. Прием пероральных ГК ассоциировался с высокой приверженностью лекарственной терапии, в то время как низкая приверженность медицинскому сопровождению связана с тревогой и депрессией. Показатели приверженности лечению в группе больных РА с переломами костей и без таковых не различались

Оксидативный стресс, индуцированный антибактериальными препаратами, и антибиотикорезистентность бактерий

This is a review of published data on oxidative stress-induced antibiotic resistance of pathogens caused by antimicrobials. Known mechanisms of oxidative stress in a bacterial cell include occurrence of oxygen reactive species, protein oxidation products, fat acids, intracellular molecular oxygen and transition metal ions. Investigations of bacterial antioxidant defense under antibiotic-induced oxidative stress are at an early stage. Understanding the relationship between oxidative stress and bacterial resistance to antibiotics could facilitate development of novel antimicrobials due to both stimulation of oxidation properties of antimicrobials and searching new ways for inhibition of antioxidant defense of pathogens.В обзоре представлены обобщенные литературные данные по проблеме антибиотикорезистентности бактерий, обусловленной оксидативным стрессом (ОС) под влиянием антибактериальных препаратов (АБП). Среди ранее изученных механизмов ОС бактериальной клетки выделены следующие: образование активных форм и радикалов кислорода и субстратов окисления белков, жирные кислоты, присутствие во внутриклеточной среде молекулярного кислорода и ионов металлов переменной валентности. Изучение роли антиоксидантной системы у бактерий при различных воздействиях, не связанных с прямым действием экзогенных оксидантов, находится в начальной стадии. Потенциальное участие внутриклеточных антиоксидантов бактерий в развитии устойчивости к АБП в настоящее время уже не вызывает сомнений. Понимание связи между ОС и устойчивостью бактерий к АБП может способствовать разработке новых антимикробных препаратов как в направлении усиления их окислительных свойств, так и в области поиска новых мишеней сдерживания антиоксидантной защиты патогенных бактерий. Показано, что на сегодняшний день актуально дальнейшее изучение механизмов антибиотикорезистентности, опосредованной нарушением равновесия оксиданты / антиоксиданты в микробной клетке, однако при этом требуется проведение исследований не только в экспериментальных условиях, но и при использовании клинического материала

Визуализация сетей покоя (resting state) фМРТ у пациентов с тяжелой черепно-мозговой травмой

According to the literature, fMRI analysis at resting state (RS) is an informative methodological approach to the study of the basic level of a healthy and diseased brain’s functional activity. Averaging data over observation groups for various forms of cerebral pathology is often unacceptable. Previously, we mastered and applied the Independent Component Algorithm (ICA) in FSL software to visualize and analyze individual fMRI resting networks of healthy people.Objective: to analyze individual fMRI resting networks associated with the state of motor activity and consciousness in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (STBI).Materials and methods. Observation groups: 23 patients with SТBI (main) and 17 healthy volunteers (control). 3T fMRI recorded at rest. Individual (norm and STBI) and group (norm) analysis of RS networks was carried out by FSL software (ICA algorithm) and SPM8 in MATLAB.For the DMN and Sensorimotor networks, topography and total volume and intensity of their activation of their activation were determined.Results. The topography features reproduced in the group and individual analysis of fMRI of healthy people, as well as the averaged quantitative indicators of the rest networks were used as reference for pathology.In the context of motor activity, the RS Sensorimotor network was considered. Its topography is close to normal in most patients without or with mild hemiparesis. The growth of this defect is accompanied by a decrease in the integral quantitative indicators of the network, combined with asymmetric reduction (lack of activation in the contralateral motor cortex) in rough hemiparesis.In the context of consciousness, the expression and characteristics of the DMN network were compared in healthy people and in patients with STBI at its various levels: from clear to chronic vegetative state. It was revealed that a decrease in the level of consciousness is accompanied by a reduction in the cortical components of DMN, primarily the frontal (anterior DMN), not pronounced in the vegetative state. Activation of the caudal component of DMN (in particular, the posterior cingular cortex) persists in patients with depressed consciousness: distinct and even somewhat enhanced compared to the norm with its reversible form, less pronounced with chronicConclusion. The data obtained indicate the informative value of fMRI analysis of individual resting networks in the context of studying cerebral structural and functional foundations of consciousness and motor activity, as well as diagnosing the state of these functions in STBI.По данным литературы, анализ функциональной манитно-резонансной томографии (фМРТ) в состоянии покоя (RS) является информативным методическим подходом к исследованию базового уровня функциональной активности здорового и больного мозга. Усреднение данных по группам наблюдений при разных формах церебральной патологии зачастую неприемлемо. Ранее нами был освоен и применен алгоритм независимых компонент (ICA) в программном обеспечении FSL для визуализации и анализа индивидуальных сетей покоя фМРТ здоровых людей.Цель исследования: анализ индивидуальных сетей покоя фМРТ, сопряженных с состоянием двигательной активности и сознания, у пациентов с тяжелой черепно-мозговой травмой (ТЧМТ).Материал и методы. Группы наблюдений: 23 пациента с ТЧМТ, сопровождавшейся разной степенью угнетения сознания и двигательных нарушений в форме гемипареза (основная), и 17 здоровых испытуемых (контроль). У каждого записывали фМРТ 3 Тл в состоянии покоя с закрытыми глазами. Проводили групповой (в норме) и индивидуальный (в норме и при патологии) фМРТ-анализ RS с использованием программных средств FSL (алгоритм ICA) и SPM8 в среде MATLAB. Для сетей DMN и Sensorimotor определяли топографию активированных зон мозга, представленность сетей в группах наблюдений, общий объем и интенсивность их активации.Результаты. Воспроизводимые при групповом и индивидуальном анализе фМРТ здоровых людей особенности топографии, а также усредненные количественные показатели сетей покоя были использованы в качестве эталонных для патологии.В контексте двигательной активности рассматривали сенсомоторную сеть RS. Ее топография близка к норме у большинства пациентов без или с легким гемипарезом. Нарастание этого дефекта сопровождается  уменьшением интегральных количественных показателей сети, сочетающимся с асимметричной редукцией (отсутствием активации в контралатеральной моторной коре) при грубом гемипарезе.В контексте сознания анализировали особенности сети DMN у пациентов с ТЧМТ при разном его уровне: от ясного до хронического вегетативного состояния. Выявлено, что снижение уровня сознания сопровождается редукцией корковых составляющих DMN, в первую очередь лобных (anterior DMN), не выраженной при вегетативном состоянии. Активациия каудального компонента DMN (в частности, задней цингулярной коры) у пострадавших с угнетенным сознанием сохраняется: отчетливая и даже несколько усиленная по сравнению с нормой при обратимой его форме, менее выраженная – при хронической.Заключение. Полученные данные свидетельствуют об информативности фМРТ-анализа индивидуальных сетей покоя в контексте изучения церебральных структурно-функциональных основ сознания и двигательной активности, а также диагностики состояния этих функций при ТЧМТ

Personality profiles and the "russian soul": Literary and scholarly views evaluated

Many domestic and foreign observers have claimed that Russians have a unique constellation of personality traits that mirrors their distinctive historical and cultural experience. To examine the hypothesized uniqueness of Russian personality, members of the Russian Character and Personality Survey collected data from 39 samples in 33 administrative areas of the Russian Federation. Respondents (N = 7,065) identified an ethnically Russian adult or college-aged man or woman whom they knew well and rated the target using the Russian observer-rating version of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. The mean personality profile of Russians was very similar to the international average based on 50 different countries, debunking the myth of a unique Russian soul.The small variations from world norms did not converge with depictions of Russian national character in fiction and the scholarly literature. New items intended to capture distinctive, emic aspects of Russian personality provided no new information beyond the familiar Big Five dimensions. Religion, ethnicity, and beliefs about the uniqueness of the Russian character and the malleability of personality traits had little effect on personality ratings. Perceptions of the Russian soul do not seem to be based on the personality traits of Russians

Adaptive mechanisms of plants against salt stress and salt shock

Salinization process occurs when soil is contaminated with salt, which consequently influences plant growth and development leading to reduction in yield of many food crops. Responding to a higher salt concentration than the normal range can result in plant developing complex physiological traits and activation of stress-related genes and metabolic pathways. Many studies have been carried out by different research groups to understand adaptive mechanism in many plant species towards salinity stress. However, different methods of sodium chloride (NaCl) applications definitely give different responses and adaptive mechanisms towards the increase in salinity. Gradual increase in NaCl application causes the plant to have salt stress or osmotic stress, while single step and high concentration of NaCl may result in salt shock or osmotic shock. Osmotic shock can cause cell plasmolysis and leakage of osmolytes in plant. Also, the gene expression pattern is influenced by the type of methods used in increasing the salinity. Therefore, this chapter discusses the adaptive mechanism in plant responding to both types of salinity increment, which include the morphological changes of plant roots and aerial parts, involvement of signalling molecules in stress perception and regulatory networks and production of osmolyte and osmoprotective proteins

A remarkable synergistic effect at the transcriptomic level in peach fruits doubly infected by Prunus necrotic ringspot virus and Peach latent mosaic viroid

[EN] Background: Microarray profiling is a powerful technique to investigate expression changes of large amounts of genes in response to specific environmental conditions. The majority of the studies investigating gene expression changes in virus-infected plants are limited to interactions between a virus and a model host plant, which usually is Arabidopsis thaliana or Nicotiana benthamiana. In the present work, we performed microarray profiling to explore changes in the expression profile of field-grown Prunus persica (peach) originating from Chile upon single and double infection with Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) and Peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd), worldwide natural pathogens of peach trees. Results: Upon single PLMVd or PNRSV infection, the number of statistically significant gene expression changes was relatively low. By contrast, doubly-infected fruits presented a high number of differentially regulated genes. Among these, down-regulated genes were prevalent. Functional categorization of the gene expression changes upon double PLMVd and PNRSV infection revealed protein modification and degradation as the functional category with the highest percentage of repressed genes whereas induced genes encoded mainly proteins related to phosphate, C-compound and carbohydrate metabolism and also protein modification. Overrepresentation analysis upon double infection with PLMVd and PNRSV revealed specific functional categories over- and underrepresented among the repressed genes indicating active counter-defense mechanisms of the pathogens during infection. Conclusions: Our results identify a novel synergistic effect of PLMVd and PNRSV on the transcriptome of peach fruits. We demonstrate that mixed infections, which occur frequently in field conditions, result in a more complex transcriptional response than that observed in single infections. Thus, our data demonstrate for the first time that the simultaneous infection of a viroid and a plant virus synergistically affect the host transcriptome in infected peach fruits. These field studies can help to fully understand plant-pathogen interactions and to develop appropriate crop protection strategies.We thank Drs M.A. Perez-Amador y J. Gadea for helping in the result analysis. This work was supported by grant BIO2011-25018 from the Spanish granting agency Direccion General de Investigacion Cientifica for the transcriptomic analyses and from the grant 2009CL0020 from the bilateral project INIA-Chile/CSIC-Spain for the phytosanitary evaluation. MC Herranz was the recipient of a contract from the Juan de la Cierva program of the Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia of Spain.Herranz Gordo, MDC.; Niehl, A.; Rosales, M.; Fiore, N.; Zamorano, A.; Granell Richart, A.; Pallás Benet, V. (2013). 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