The potential of ground gravity measurements to validate GRACE data

New satellite missions are returning high precision, time-varying, satellite measurements of the Earth’s gravity field. The GRACE mission is now in its calibration/- validation phase and first results of the gravity field solutions are imminent. We consider here the possibility of external validation using data from the superconducting gravimeters in the European sub-array of the Global Geodynamics Project (GGP) as ‘ground truth’ for comparison with GRACE. This is a pilot study in which we use 14 months of 1-hour data from the beginning of GGP (1 July 1997) to 30 August 1998, when the Potsdam instrument was relocated to South Africa. There are 7 stations clustered in west central Europe, and one station, Metsahovi in Finland. We remove local tides, polar motion, local and global air pressure, and instrument drift and then decimate to 6-hour samples. We see large variations in the time series of 5–10<i>µ</i>gal between even some neighboring stations, but there are also common features that correlate well over the 427-day period. The 8 stations are used to interpolate a minimum curvature (gridded) surface that extends over the geographical region. This surface shows time and spatial coherency at the level of 2– 4<i>µ</i>gal over the first half of the data and 1–2<i>µ</i>gal over the latter half. The mean value of the surface clearly shows a rise in European gravity of about 3µgal over the first 150 days and a fairly constant value for the rest of the data. The accuracy of this mean is estimated at 1<i>µ</i>gal, which compares favorably with GRACE predictions for wavelengths of 500 km or less. Preliminary studies of hydrology loading over Western Europe shows the difficulty of correlating the local hydrology, which can be highly variable, with large-scale gravity variations.<br><br><b>Key words. </b>GRACE, satellite gravity, superconducting gravimeter, GGP, ground trut

Reconstructing past terrace fields in the Pyrenees: Insights into land management and settlement from the Bronze Age to the Early Modern era at Vilalta (1650 masl, Cerdagne, France)

© Trustees of Boston University 2015. The building of a solar power station at Thémis, at 1650 masl on the south-facing slope of the Carlit massif in the eastern Pyrenees, led to an archaeological evaluation from April-June 2009. This evaluation covered a surface of 10 ha that included a medieval village as well as the surrounding agricultural land in terraces. Non-destructive archaeological methods were used for the village. A detailed study of the 6 ha of terraces began with a fieldwalking survey, mapping every visible feature, followed by systematic trial trenches. Fifty-five trenches, 11 in the village and 44 in the fields, were opened. The stratigraphies were then compared with a series of 22 radiocarbon dates and eight relative dates provided by ceramic typologies. This combination of surface and buried evidence supported our preliminary hypothesis about the dynamics of the slope. The results suggest the existence of agrarian features beginning in the Bronze Age and reveal that the field patterns were frequently transformed, both in the Medieval and Early Modern periods. The transformations in the terrace fields after the village was abandoned are as interesting as those during occupation because, contrary to the idea of a fixed, unchanging landscape after the end of the Middle Ages, they challenge the idea that mountain zones are marginal spaces by nature, or were marginalized later.Peer Reviewe

Dosages par fluorescence X portable d’ateliers médiévaux de production des métaux non-ferreux

La difficulté liée à la détection des ateliers de métallurgie des non-ferreux a conduit à tester un nouveau mode de prospection par spectrométrie de fluorescence X portable. Après une phase de calibration qui a donné de très bons résultats pour les métaux recherchés dans cette étude, trois approches ont été tentées sur le site de Castel-Minier (site minier et pluri métallurgique du second Moyen Âge, Ariège, France). Grâce à un travail interdisciplinaire incluant à la géochimie, l’archéologie, l’histoire et la géophysique, les résultats ont été particulièrement positifs. Ils ont conduit à une meilleure perception chronologique du site, à la localisation d’ateliers de traitement de scorie et la sériation des anomalies géochimiques.Difficulties related to non-ferrous metal workshops detection led to test a new way of survey by a real portable x-ray spectrometer. After a calibration phase which yielded very good results for lead, zinc and cooper, three approaches were tried in south-west of France at the site of Castel-Minier, (mining and multi metallurgical site from the second Middle Ages). Thanks to an interdisciplinary work that include geochemistry, archeology, history and geophysic, the results were particularly positive. They led to a better understanding of chronological phases. They give the location of slag processing workshops and classification of geochemical anomalies