Antimicrobial activity of Bursera morelensis ramírez essential oil

Background: Bursera morelensis, known as “Aceitillo”, is an endemic tree of Mexico. Infusions made from the bark of this species have been used for the treatment of skin infections and for their wound healing properties. In this work, we present the results of a phytochemical and antimicrobial investigation of the essential oil of B. morelensis.Materials and Methods: The essential oil was obtained by a steam distillation method and analyzed using GC-MS. The antibacterial and antifungal activities were evaluated.Results: GC-MS of the essential oil demonstrated the presence of 28 compounds. The principal compound of the essential oil was α-Phellandrene (32.69%). The essential oil had antibacterial activity against Gram positive and negative strains. The most sensitive strains were S. pneumoniae, V. cholerae (cc) and E. coli (MIC 0.125 mg/mL, MBC 0.25 mg/mL). The essential oil was bactericidal for V. cholera (cc). The essential oil inhibited all the filamentous fungi. F. monilifome (IC50 = 2.27 mg/mL) was the most sensitive fungal strain.Conclusions: This work provides evidence that confirms the antimicrobial activity of the B. morelensis essential oil and this is a scientific support about of traditional uses of this species.Keywords: Essential oil; Medicinal plants; Tehuacan-Cuicatlan Valley; Burseraceae; Burser

Aqua­[1,8-bis­(pyridin-2-yl)-3,6-dithia­octane-κ4 N,S,S′,N′]copper(II) dinitrate acetonitrile monosolvate

In the title compound, [Cu(C16H20N2S2)(H2O)](NO3)2·CH3CN, the CuII atom displays a distorted square-pyramidal coordination, in which a water mol­ecule occupies the apical position and the basal plane is formed by two N atoms and two S atoms of a 1,8-bis­(pyridin-2-yl)-3,6-dithia­octane ligand. The crystal packing is stabilized by O—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

The histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid attenuates phospholipase Cγ2 and IgE-mediated mast cell activation.

Mast cell activation through the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) plays a central role in allergic reactions. FcεRI-mediated activation triggers multiple signaling pathways leading to degranulation and synthesis of different inflammatory mediators. IgE-mediated mast cell activation can be modulated by different molecules, including several drugs. Herein, we investigated the immunomodulatory activity of the histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid (VPA) on IgE-mediated mast cell activation. To this end, bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) were sensitized with IgE and treated with VPA followed by FcεRI cross-linking. The results indicated that VPA reduced mast cell IgE-dependent degranulation and cytokine release. VPA also induced a significant reduction in the cell surface expression of FcεRI and CD117, but not other mast cell surface molecules. Interestingly, VPA treatment inhibited the phosphorylation of PLCγ2, a key signaling molecule involved in IgE-mediated degranulation and cytokine secretion. However, VPA did not affect the phosphorylation of other key components of the FcεRI signaling pathway, such as Syk, Akt, ERK1/2, or p38. Altogether, our data demonstrate that VPA affects PLCγ2 phosphorylation, which in turn decreases IgE-mediated mast cell activation. These results suggest that VPA might be a key modulator of allergic reactions and might be a promising therapeutic candidate

Evaluating the impact of sex-biased genetic admixture in the americas through the analysis of haplotype data

A general imbalance in the proportion of disembarked males and females in the Americas has been documented during the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade and the Colonial Era and, although less prominent, more recently. This imbalance may have left a signature on the genomes of modern-day populations characterised by high levels of admixture. The analysis of the uniparental systems and the evaluation of continental proportion ratio of autosomal and X chromosomes revealed a general sex imbalance towards males for European and females for African and Indigenous American ancestries. However, the consistency and degree of this imbalance are variable, suggesting that other factors, such as cultural and social practices, may have played a role in shaping it. Moreover, very few investigations have evaluated the sex imbalance using haplotype data, containing more critical information than genotypes. Here, we analysed genome-wide data for more than 5000 admixed American individuals to assess the presence, direction and magnitude of sex-biased admixture in the Americas. For this purpose, we applied two haplotype-based approaches, ELAI and NNLS, and we compared them with a genotype-based method, ADMIXTURE. In doing so, besides a general agreement between methods, we unravelled that the post-colonial admixture dynamics show higher complexity than previously described

Effect of Supplementation of Dairy Cows under Cut and Carry or Grazing of Irrigated Cultivated Pastures in Small Scale Dairy Systems in the Highlands of Central Mexico

Small-scale dairy systems in Mexico represent over 78% of dairy farms and produce 37% of the nation’s milk, and have an important role in reducing rural poverty. Small-scale dairy systems are defined by having herds of 3 to 35 cows plus replacements, and rely mostly on the family for labour. In the central highlands, many small-scale dairy farms base the feeding of herds on irrigated cultivated pastures of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum, L. perenne) – white clover (Trifolium repens), mostly under cut-and-carry by hand with scythes, straws, and large amounts of commercial compound concentrates that result in high feeding costs and low economic sustainability (Fadul-Pacheco et al., 2013). One option to optimize the use of resources in these systems is to change the use of grasslands to intensive grazing that result in lower feeding costs when compared to cut-and-carry strategies. Also, the high protein content of pasture may meet requirements for moderate yields by dairy cows, so that commercial concentrates may be substituted by lower protein, lower cost supplements like ground maize grain and remove the straws of the diets

DIGESTIÓN RUMINAL E INTESTINAL DEL MAÍZ (Zea mays) Y SORGO (Sorghum bicolor L. MOENCH) UTILIZANDO DIFERENTES TÉCNICAS DE DIGESTIBILIDAD (IN VIVO, IN VITRO E IN SACCO)

El conocimiento de la digestibilidad de los alimentos es básico para establecer su valor nutritivo y biodisponibilidad de los nutrientes para ello se han utilizado numerosos análisis de laboratorio para estimar la digestión ruminal e intestinal del alimento como son in vitro (Produccion de gas y Daisy ) e in sacco, para ser comparadas con el método in vivo. El sorgo presenta el mayor (P0.05) entre cereales. Con lo que respecta a los métodos de digestibilidad, la MSd fue menor (P0.01) para los métodos in sacco e in vitro (Daisy). La producción de AGV S fue similar para ambos cereales. Las técnicas in situ e in vitro (DaisyII ® ) permiten determinar la digestibilidad de forma rápida y sencilla comparado con los métodos convencionales. El molido del sorgo mejora su valor alimenticio aumentando su digestibilidad, lo que representa una alternativa ante el maíz para la alimentación de terneros en engorda

Recolección de hongos comestibles silvestres en el contexto del pastoreo de alta montaña en la localidad de Agua Blanca en el Nevado de Toluca, México

Objective: Describe the collection of wild edible mushrooms that occurs in the rainy season in Agua Blanca, located in the Area of Protection of Flora and Fauna Nevado de Toluca Design, methodology and approximation: Simple case study with qualitative perspective and ethnomethodological approach. Results: They were detected 57 species of wild edible mushrooms that are collected in the context of high mountain grazing, being the production and management of sheep the main productive and economic activity in which they spend their time, alternating this activity with the mushrooms harvesting in rainy season. Limitations and implications: It is a descriptive and exploratory work that only allows contributing to the documentation of the phenomenon within the study area. Findings and conclusions: Mushroom harvesting is a complementary activity to livestock grazing and an opportunity to obtain extra income that allows families to survive during this season.Objetivo: Describir la recolección de hongos comestibles silvestres que se da en temporada de lluvias en la localidad Agua Blanca, ubicada en el Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna Nevado de Toluca Diseño, metodología y aproximación: Estudio de caso simple con perspectiva cualitativa y aproximación etnometodológica. Resultados: Fueron detectadas 57 especies de hongos comestibles silvestres que se recolectan en el contexto de pastoreo de alta montaña, siendo la producción y manejo de ganado ovino la principal actividad productiva y económica en la que emplean su tiempo, alternando esta actividad con la recolección de hongos en temporada de lluvias. Limitaciones e implicaciones: Se trata de un trabajo descriptivo y exploratorio que sólo permite contribuir a la documentación del fenómeno dentro del área de estudio. Hallazgos y conclusiones: La recolección de hongos es una actividad complementaria al pastoreo del ganado y una oportunidad de obtener ingresos extras que permiten la subsistencia de las familias durante esta temporada