Propellant slosh coupling with bending Interim report

Vibrational characteristics of large liquid propellant space vehicl

The development of direct payments in the UK: implications for social justice

Direct payments have been heralded by the disability movement as an important means to achieving independent living and hence greater social justice for disabled people through enhanced recognition as well as financial redistribution. Drawing on data from the ESRC funded project Disabled People and Direct Payments: A UK Comparative Perspective, this paper presents an analysis of policy and official statistics on use of direct payments across the UK. It is argued that the potential of direct payments has only partly been realised as a result of very low and uneven uptake within and between different parts of the UK. This is accounted for in part by resistance from some Labour-controlled local authorities, which regard direct payments as a threat to public sector jobs. In addition, access to direct payments has been uneven across impairment groups. However, from a very low base there has been a rapid expansion in the use of direct payments over the past three years. The extent to which direct payments are able to facilitate the ultimate goal of independent living for disabled people requires careful monitoring

Droplet size and morphology characterization for diesel sprays under atmospheric operating conditions

The shape of microscopic fuel droplets may differ from the perfect sphere, affecting their external surface area and thus the heat transfer with the surrounding gas. Hence there is a need for the characterization of droplet shapes, and the estimation of external surface area, in order to enable the development of physically accurate mathematical models for the heating and evaporation of diesel fuel sprays. We present ongoing work to automat-ically identify and reconstruct the morphology of fuel droplets, primarily focusing in this study on irregularly-shaped, partially-deformed and oscillating droplets under atmospheric conditions. We used direct imaging tech-niques based on long-working distance microscopy and ultra-high-speed video to conduct a detailed temporal investigation of droplet morphology. We applied purpose-built algorithms to extract droplet size, velocity, vol-ume and external surface area from the microscopic ultra-high-speed video frames. High resolution images of oscillating droplets and a formation of a droplet form ligament, sphericity factors, volume as well as external surface area are presented for 500 bar injection pressure in the near nozzle region (up to 0.7 mm from nozzle exit) under atmospheric conditions. We observed a range of different liquid structures, including perfectly spher-ical, non-spherical droplets and stretched ligaments. We found that large droplets and ligaments exceeding the size of the nozzle hole could be found at the end of injection. In order to estimate droplet volume and external surface area from two-dimensional droplet information, a discrete revolution of the droplet silhouette about its major centroidal axis was used. Special attention was paid to the estimation of actual errors in the prediction of volume and surface characteristics from a droplet silhouette. In addition to the estimation of droplet volume and external surface area, the actual shape reconstruction in 3D coordinates from a droplet silhouette was performed in order to enable future numerical modelling studies of real droplets

The Cluster Distribution as a Test of Dark Matter Models. IV: Topology and Geometry

We study the geometry and topology of the large-scale structure traced by galaxy clusters in numerical simulations of a box of side 320 $h^{-1}$ Mpc, and compare them with available data on real clusters. The simulations we use are generated by the Zel'dovich approximation, using the same methods as we have used in the first three papers in this series. We consider the following models to see if there are measurable differences in the topology and geometry of the superclustering they produce: (i) the standard CDM model (SCDM); (ii) a CDM model with $\Omega_0=0.2$ (OCDM); (iii) a CDM model with a `tilted' power spectrum having $n=0.7$ (TCDM); (iv) a CDM model with a very low Hubble constant, $h=0.3$ (LOWH); (v) a model with mixed CDM and HDM (CHDM); (vi) a flat low-density CDM model with $\Omega_0=0.2$ and a non-zero cosmological $\Lambda$ term ($\Lambda$CDM). We analyse these models using a variety of statistical tests based on the analysis of: (i) the Euler-Poincar\'{e} characteristic; (ii) percolation properties; (iii) the Minimal Spanning Tree construction. Taking all these tests together we find that the best fitting model is $\Lambda$CDM and, indeed, the others do not appear to be consistent with the data. Our results demonstrate that despite their biased and extremely sparse sampling of the cosmological density field, it is possible to use clusters to probe subtle statistical diagnostics of models which go far beyond the low-order correlation functions usually applied to study superclustering.Comment: 17 pages, 7 postscript figures, uses mn.sty, MNRAS in pres

Therapists' experiences of alliance formation in short-term counselling

Title and Abstract also available in German, Spanish, Italian, French, and Greek.While therapeutic alliance formation has been widely researched over many sessions of psychotherapy, the question of alliance formation in short-term counselling has been less explored. Given the increasing evidence in the literature for the positive impact of alliances on therapy outcomes, providing counsellors - who may work with clients for a limited number of sessions - with enhanced insight into alliance formation will be of value. This qualitative study investigated the experiences of eight counsellors forming alliances with clients over short periods. Semi-structured interviews were analysed using interpretive phenomenological analysis. Five major themes emerged, that while congruent with the alliance literature, add some details relevant to day-to-day practice. These themes included: the importance of strong alliances; the need for psychologically comfortable environments; the timing of alliance formation; and the impact of counsellor personal qualities - such as being real - in strengthening and maintaining alliances. In addition, an unexpected sixth theme revealed that body language was highly valued as an indicator of strong or weak alliances. Implications for increasing the use of body language to enhance counselling practice and education are discussed.Mark R. Pearson and Caroline Bulsar

Vibration of a circular cylindrical elastic tank, partially filled with an incompressible fluid, undergoing an axial acceleration composed of a uniform and a periodic component technical memorandum no. 102

Forced vibration of circular cylindrical elastic shell partially filled with incompressible liquid and initially at rest in uniform gravitational fiel

Diphtheria prophylaxis with alum precipitated toxoid

(1) Active immunisation is the best prophylactic measure we possess against diphtheria as the isolation of cases and carriers has proved a failure in preventing the spread of the disease. (2) The success of the various prophylactics depends on the basal immunity of the child population (especially A.P.T.). (3) T.A.F. is widely used in both children and adults. F.T. and A.P.T. should be confined to children. (4) It is unwise to employ 'one shot immunisation' with A.P.T. except in closed communities of high basal immunity. (5) The 'detector' dose method of using A.P.T. seems likely to give as good results as T.A.F. and perhaps may be an even better prophylactic in combating 'gravis' diphtheria. (6) The best time to immunise is as soon as possible after a child's first birthday. (7) Reactions are not likely to occur if the child is immunised before going to school. (8) The pre-school child should receive almost as much attention as the school child. (9) The general public should be educated to receive diphtheria immunisation as a natural event in a child's life. (10) When an epidemic occurs it is too late to immunise

Submillimeter-Wave Measurements and Analysis of the Ground and ν2 = 1 States of Water

In order to facilitate further studies of water in the interstellar medium, the envelopes of late-type stars, jets, and shocked regions, the frequencies of 17 newly measured H_2 ^(16)O transitions between 0.841 and 1.575 THz are reported. A complete update of the available water line frequencies and a detailed calculation of unmeasured rotational transitions and transition intensities as a function of temperature are presented for the ground and ν_2 = 1 state levels below 3000 cm^(-1) of excitation energy. The new terahertz transitions were measured with a recently developed laser difference frequency spectrometer. Six of these transitions arise from the ν_2 = 1 state, and the other 11 are in the ground state; all have lower state energies from 700 to 1750 cm^(-1) and should be accessible to Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) through the atmosphere. The transitions near 0.850 THz are accessible from the ground with existing receivers. Observations of the newly measured ν_2 = 1 state transitions, which include the 1_(1, 1)-0_(0, 0) fundamental at 1.2057 THz and five other very low J transitions, should provide valuable insights into role played by the ν2 = 1 state in the cooling dynamics of jets, shocks, masers, and strongly infrared-pumped regions. The line list is presented to assist in the planning of observational campaigns with the Far-Infrared Space Telescope (FIRST) and other proposed space missions with which a full suite of water observations can be carried out