Prueba de inferencias : contribuciones para su validación con estudiantes universitários

En ausencia de pruebas psicológicas que evalúen las capacidades intelectuales de los jóvenes-adultos universitarios, más aún, si esta evaluación pretende ir más allá de las escalas de CI para adultos, avanzamos para la construcción de un test de inferencias lógicas (pensamiento deductivo). La realización de inferencias se considera una actividad tan imprescindible como compleja que media en los procesos de comprensión del discurso. Dentro de este escenario, la comprensión se entiende como un proceso complejo e interactivo que requiere de la activación de una cantidad considerable de conocimiento por parte del lector y de la generación de un gran número de inferencias. Éstas son estrategias de elaboración verbal que permiten recuperar y organizar la información de un texto para vincularla al conocimiento previo. Sucesivas versiones de esta prueba fueron construidas y aplicadas a alumnos, presentándose en esta comunicación la versión final de los autores. Tomando una muestra de alumnos de 1º y 4º año de las Universidades de Coimbra, Minho y Santiago de Compostela, nos proponemos en este estudio apreciar la fiabilidad y validez de esta prueba. Así, se espera coeficientes estadísticos que apunten para correlaciones significativas entre inferencias y estilos cognitivos (mejor desempeño por parte de los independientes de campo), así como índices más elevados de puntuación en el test por parte de los alumnos de 4º año y de los alumnos con mejor rendimiento académico

A randomized trial of the close reading and creative writing program: an alternative educational method for adult group care intervention in type 2 diabetes management

Objectives: Group care for individuals with diabetes is a recognized educational practice, but techniques from narrative medicine using of literary works have never been incorporated in these programs. We designed a new educational model (i.e. the Close Reading and Creative Writing program) of group care for individuals with diabetes incorporating close reading and creative writing in group education. A randomized trial was designed to evaluate this intervention. Methods: A total of 49 individuals with type 2 diabetes, aged 6 years of school education, were randomized to 2 different group care dynamics: (a) a “control group,” with a classical structured educational approach currently used at our institution; and (b) an “intervention group,” with introduction of literary texts, narrative skills, close reading and creative writing. Evaluation included anthropometric measures, glycated hemoglobin (A1C) and questionnaires for psychological evaluation. Individual A1C levels in the 6-year period before the trial were collected from clinical records. Results: A significant reduction of A1C was observed in the intervention group, showing noninferiority in relation to the classical approach. A significant decrease in A1C was observed in relation to the 6 previous years. A significant increase in satisfaction with the therapist and group process was observed. Conclusions: This is the first randomized trial designed to evaluate a group care intervention to manage type 2 diabetes using narrative techniques. The results suggest that this may be a useful model for more highly schooled individuals, and may represent an alternative for the educational process.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Avaliação do sistema de informação sobre nascidos vivos e o uso de seus dados em epidemiologia e estatísticas de saúde

O Ministério da Saúde, considerando a existência de falhas do ponto de vista quantitativo (cobertura) no registro de nascidos vivos, no Brasil, e a impossibilidade de conhecer a distribuição dos nascidos vivos segundo algumas variáveis importantes sob a óptica clínico/epidemiológica (peso ao nascer, Índice de Apgar, duração da gestação, tipo de parto, paridade, idade e instrução da mãe), implantou em 1990, no Brasil, o Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos - SINASC- tendo como documento-base a Declaração de Nascido Vivo - DN - com a finalidade de suprir essas lacunas. Com o objetivo de avaliar a cobertura e a fidedignidade das informações geradas pelo SINASC, foi analisada a distribuição dos nascidos vivos hospitalares segundo características epidcmiológicas relativas ao produto de concepção, à gravidez, ao parto e à mãe. A população de estudo compreendeu 15.142 nascidos vivos hospitalares ocorridos em cinco municípios do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, no período de janeiro a julho de 1992. Os resultados permitiram reconhecer excelente cobertura do SINASC (emissão de DN acima de 99,5%) e ótima fidedignidade do preenchimento das DNs, para a maioria das variáveis, quando comparadas aos documentos hospitalares. Para algumas características foi observada maior fragilidade (Índice de Apgar, duração da gestação, instrução da mãe, número total de filhos tidos e nome do pai). São apresentadas sugestões para o aperfeiçoamento do SINASC e recomendados treinamentos/reciclagens do pessoal envolvido no preenchimento das DNs. O estudo confirma o fato de os dados permitirem análise válida para o conhecimento de aspectos ligados à saúde materno-infantil. Do ponto de vista epidemiológico, o estudo permitiu detectar proporções elevadas de parto operatório (48,4%), mães adolescentes (17,5%) e o valor estimado para o baixo peso ao nascer foi de 8,5%.The Brazilian Ministry of Health implemented, in 1990, a System of Information of Live Births (SINASC) which introduced a Birth Certificate with a view to obtaining the total number of these events and their distribution according to epidemiological, demographic and clinical characteristics. It was decided to evaluate the System according to its coverage and the quality of information obtained, two years after its initial implementation. The population of this study consists of 15,142 hospital live births which occurred in five cities of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, in 1992. Birth Certificates and the corresponding maternal and child hospital records were examined visually with a view to checking data recorded on the Birth Certificate. It was seen that the system achieved a high degree of completeness (99.5%) and obtained a very accurate report for most of the items, though rather poor reporting for Apgar Score, length of gestation, mother's schooling, parity and father's name. This study allows suggestions to be made for the reformulation of some items and regarding the necessity for retraining the hospital personnel involved in the filling in of the certificates. Overall this study confirms that the Birth Certificate data are adequate for a valid analysis of aspects of maternal and child health research. The data showed high percentages of adolescent mothers (17.5%) and deliveries by cesarian section (48.4%). The percentage of low birth weight was 8.5%

Rare mutations in SQSTM1 modify susceptibility to frontotemporal lobar degeneration

Mutations in the gene coding for Sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1) have been genetically associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Paget disease of bone. In the present study, we analyzed the SQSTM1 coding sequence for mutations in an extended cohort of 1,808 patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), ascertained within the European Early-Onset Dementia consortium. As control dataset, we sequenced 1,625 European control individuals and analyzed whole-exome sequence data of 2,274 German individuals (total n = 3,899). Association of rare SQSTM1 mutations was calculated in a meta-analysis of 4,332 FTLD and 10,240 control alleles. We identified 25 coding variants in FTLD patients of which 10 have not been described. Fifteen mutations were absent in the control individuals (carrier frequency < 0.00026) whilst the others were rare in both patients and control individuals. When pooling all variants with a minor allele frequency < 0.01, an overall frequency of 3.2 % was calculated in patients. Rare variant association analysis between patients and controls showed no difference over the whole protein, but suggested that rare mutations clustering in the UBA domain of SQSTM1 may influence disease susceptibility by doubling the risk for FTLD (RR = 2.18 [95 % CI 1.24-3.85]; corrected p value = 0.042). Detailed histopathology demonstrated that mutations in SQSTM1 associate with widespread neuronal and glial phospho-TDP-43 pathology. With this study, we provide further evidence for a putative role of rare mutations in SQSTM1 in the genetic etiology of FTLD and showed that, comparable to other FTLD/ALS genes, SQSTM1 mutations are associated with TDP-43 pathology

Prodromal language impairment in genetic frontotemporal dementia within the GENFI cohort

Objective: To identify whether language impairment exists presymptomatically in genetic frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and if so, the key differences between the main genetic mutation groups. Methods: 682 participants from the international multicentre Genetic FTD Initiative (GENFI) study were recruited: 290 asymptomatic and 82 prodromal mutation carriers (with C9orf72, GRN, and MAPT mutations) as well as 310 mutation-negative controls. Language was assessed using items from the Progressive Aphasia Severity Scale, as well as the Boston Naming Test (BNT), modified Camel and Cactus Test (mCCT) and a category fluency task. Participants also underwent a 3 T volumetric T1-weighted MRI from which regional brain volumes within the language network were derived and compared between the groups. Results: 3% of asymptomatic (4% C9orf72, 4% GRN, 2% MAPT) and 48% of prodromal (46% C9orf72, 42% GRN, 64% MAPT) mutation carriers had impairment in at least one language symptom compared with 13% of controls. In prodromal mutation carriers significantly impaired word retrieval was seen in all three genetic groups whilst significantly impaired grammar/syntax and decreased fluency was seen only in C9orf72 and GRN mutation carriers, and impaired articulation only in the C9orf72 group. Prodromal MAPT mutation carriers had significant impairment on the category fluency task and the BNT whilst prodromal C9orf72 mutation carriers were impaired on the category fluency task only. Atrophy in the dominant perisylvian language regions differed between groups, with earlier, more widespread volume loss in C9orf72, and later focal atrophy in the temporal lobe in MAPT mutation carriers. Conclusions: Language deficits exist in the prodromal but not asymptomatic stages of genetic FTD across all three genetic groups. Improved understanding of the language phenotype prior to phenoconversion to fully symptomatic FTD will help develop outcome measures for future presymptomatic trials.</p

Disease-related cortical thinning in presymptomatic granulin mutation carriers.

Mutations in the granulin gene (GRN) cause familial frontotemporal dementia. Understanding the structural brain changes in presymptomatic GRN carriers would enforce the use of neuroimaging biomarkers for early diagnosis and monitoring. We studied 100 presymptomatic GRN mutation carriers and 94 noncarriers from the Genetic Frontotemporal dementia initiative (GENFI), with MRI structural images. We analyzed 3T MRI structural images using the FreeSurfer pipeline to calculate the whole brain cortical thickness (CTh) for each subject. We also perform a vertex-wise general linear model to assess differences between groups in the relationship between CTh and diverse covariables as gender, age, the estimated years to onset and education. We also explored differences according to TMEM106B genotype, a possible disease modifier. Whole brain CTh did not differ between carriers and noncarriers. Both groups showed age-related cortical thinning. The group-by-age interaction analysis showed that this age-related cortical thinning was significantly greater in GRN carriers in the left superior frontal cortex. TMEM106B did not significantly influence the age-related cortical thinning. Our results validate and expand previous findings suggesting an increased CTh loss associated with age and estimated proximity to symptoms onset in GRN carriers, even before the disease onset