Solar ultraviolet radiation is necessary to enhance grapevine fruit ripening transcriptional and phenolic responses

Background: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation modulates secondary metabolism in the skin of Vitis vinifera L. berries, which affects the final composition of both grapes and wines. The expression of several phenylpropanoid biosynthesis-related genes is regulated by UV radiation in grape berries. However, the complete portion of transcriptome and ripening processes influenced by solar UV radiation in grapes remains unknown.Results: Whole genome arrays were used to identify the berry skin transcriptome modulated by the UV radiation received naturally in a mid-altitude Tempranillo vineyard. UV radiation-blocking and transmitting filters were used to generate the experimental conditions. The expression of 121 genes was significantly altered by solar UV radiation. Functional enrichment analysis of altered transcripts mainly pointed out that secondary metabolism-related transcripts were induced by UV radiation including VvFLS1, VvGT5 and VvGT6 flavonol biosynthetic genes and monoterpenoid biosynthetic genes. Berry skin phenolic composition was also analysed to search for correlation with gene expression changes and UV-increased flavonols accumulation was the most evident impact. Among regulatory genes, novel UV radiation-responsive transcription factors including VvMYB24 and three bHLH, together with known grapevine UV-responsive genes such as VvMYBF1, were identified. A transcriptomic meta-analysis revealed that genes up-regulated by UV radiation in the berry skin were also enriched in homologs of Arabidopsis UVR8 UV-B photoreceptor-dependent UV-B -responsive genes. Indeed, a search of the grapevine reference genomic sequence identified UV-B signalling pathway homologs and among them, VvHY5-1, VvHY5-2 and VvRUP were up-regulated by UV radiation in the berry skin.Conclusions: Results suggest that the UV-B radiation-specific signalling pathway is activated in the skin of grapes grown at mid-altitudes. The biosynthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites, which are appreciated in winemaking and potentially confer cross-tolerance, were almost specifically triggered. This draws attention to viticultural practices that increase solar UV radiation on vineyards as they may improve grape features. © 2014 Carbonell-Bejerano et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.ENO and JMA are grateful to the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) for financial support (Project CGL2011-26937). This study was funded in part by Project BIO2011-026229 from the Spanish MINECO. Microarray hybridizations were carried out at the Genomics Unit of the National Centre for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain. The present work is integrated in the COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) Action FA0906 of the European Union “UV-B radiation: a specific regulator of plant growth and food quality in a changing climate” as well as COST Action FA1106 “Quality fruit”.Peer Reviewe

Solar ultraviolet radiation is necessary to enhance grapevine fruit ripening transcriptional and phenolic responses

Background: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation modulates secondary metabolism in the skin of Vitis vinifera L. berries, which affects the final composition of both grapes and wines. The expression of several phenylpropanoid biosynthesis-related genes is regulated by UV radiation in grape berries. However, the complete portion of transcriptome and ripening processes influenced by solar UV radiation in grapes remains unknown.Results: Whole genome arrays were used to identify the berry skin transcriptome modulated by the UV radiation received naturally in a mid-altitude Tempranillo vineyard. UV radiation-blocking and transmitting filters were used to generate the experimental conditions. The expression of 121 genes was significantly altered by solar UV radiation. Functional enrichment analysis of altered transcripts mainly pointed out that secondary metabolism-related transcripts were induced by UV radiation including VvFLS1, VvGT5 and VvGT6 flavonol biosynthetic genes and monoterpenoid biosynthetic genes. Berry skin phenolic composition was also analysed to search for correlation with gene expression changes and UV-increased flavonols accumulation was the most evident impact. Among regulatory genes, novel UV radiation-responsive transcription factors including VvMYB24 and three bHLH, together with known grapevine UV-responsive genes such as VvMYBF1, were identified. A transcriptomic meta-analysis revealed that genes up-regulated by UV radiation in the berry skin were also enriched in homologs of Arabidopsis UVR8 UV-B photoreceptor-dependent UV-B -responsive genes. Indeed, a search of the grapevine reference genomic sequence identified UV-B signalling pathway homologs and among them, VvHY5-1, VvHY5-2 and VvRUP were up-regulated by UV radiation in the berry skin.Conclusions: Results suggest that the UV-B radiation-specific signalling pathway is activated in the skin of grapes grown at mid-altitudes. The biosynthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites, which are appreciated in winemaking and potentially confer cross-tolerance, were almost specifically triggered. This draws attention to viticultural practices that increase solar UV radiation on vineyards as they may improve grape features. © 2014 Carbonell-Bejerano et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd

Estimación de los componentes del racimo mediante análisis de imagen

El peso de baya, así como el número de bayas y peso del racimo son parámetros fundamentales en la estimación del rendimiento en la industria vitivinícola y de uva de mesa. En la actualidad, los métodos utilizados para estimar y predecir el rendimiento productivo del viñedo son destructivos, lentos, y requieren elevada cantidad de mano de obra. En este trabajo se presenta una nueva metodología, basada en el análisis de imagen, para determinar los componentes del racimo de forma rápida y económica. Se fotografiaron racimos de siete variedades de uva (Vitis vinifera L.) distintas en condiciones de laboratorio y se determinaron los componentes del racimo de forma manual después de la adquisición de imágenes. El tratamiento de las imágenes incluyó el desarrollo de dos algoritmos basados en las estrategias de Canny y LIP (Logarithmic Image Processing) para encontrar los contornos de las bayas, como paso previo a la detección de las mismas mediante la Transformada de Hough. Asimismo, se comparó la capacidad de los algoritmos desarrollados utilizando una única imagen por racimo o cuatro imágenes por racimo, obtenidas de diferentes orientaciones. Los mejores resultados (R2 entre 69%-95% en detección del número de bayas por racimo, y R2 entre 65%-97% en la estimación del peso de racimo) se obtuvieron utilizando cuatro imágenes por racimo y aplicando el algoritmo de Canny. Asimismo, la capacidad del modelo basado en análisis de imagen para predecir el peso de baya fue 84%. La novedosa metodología desarrollada y presentada en este trabajo ha permitido la estimación de los componentes del racimo de forma rápida y económica, en comparación con los métodos manuales actuales

Medical Versus Surgical Treatment for the Management of Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis: A Systematic Review

A systematic review and quality assessment was performed to assess the management of diabetic foot osteomyelitis by medical or surgical treatment. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist was used. All selected studies were evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool to assess the risk of bias for randomized controlled trials. The literature was revised using PubMed (Medline) and Embase (Elsevier) up to September 2020 to identify clinical trials assessing medical or surgical treatment to manage diabetic foot osteomyelitis. A total of six clinical trials that met our inclusion criteria, with a total of 308 participants. Healing rate, complete closure of the wound, and type of complications were the outcomes evaluated. Risk of bias assessment showed that only two of the six clinical trials included in the systematic review had a low risk of bias. Based on our findings, we believe that the management of diabetic foot osteomyelitis remains challenging. There are few high-quality clinical trials that both stratify clinical presentations and compare these treatments. We conclude that the available evidence is insufficient to identify the best option to cure diabetic foot osteomyelitis

Un nuevo método para la evaluación de la compacidad del racimo mediante análisis de imagen

La compacidad del racimo es una característica clave que puede influir de manera importante en la calidad de la uva y del vino. El descriptor OIV, método más utilizado para la evaluación de la compacidad del racimo, requiere una inspección visual por evaluadores entrenados y proporciona valores subjetivos y cualitativos. Este trabajo presenta una nueva metodología basada en análisis de imagen para determinar la compacidad del racimo de manera no invasiva, objetiva y cuantitativa. El modelo PLS construido a partir de algunas características morfológicas extraídas de forma automática mediante técnicas de análisis de imagen mostró una capacidad de predicción del 85,3% en la evaluación de la compacidad respecto a la evaluación visual

O sector vitivinícola australiano

O sector vitivinícola australiano experimentou un crecemento espectacular nos últimos 15 anos. Na actualidade, Australia é un dos países líderes do sector vitivinícola mundial. Unha das claves deste éxito é a profesionalización e a innovación na vitivinicultura. A maior parte dos viñedos están situados en zonas cálidas e áridas, con elevados rendementos, uso profesional do rego e un elevado grao de mecanización da viticultura, especialmente da poda e a vendim

Non-invasive NIR spectroscopy for in-field grapevine water assessment

Trabajo presentado en el ClimWine (International Symposium on Sustainable grape and wine production in the context of climate change), celebrado en Burdeos del 10 al 13 de abril de 2016.Peer Reviewe

Differences in the rate of coloration in tomato fruit

The evolution of fruit color of twelve tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars during ripening was evaluated. Final color of each of the cultivars was determined by calculating its fresh tomato color index (TCIf). Luminosity (L*), red-green component (a*), a*/b* ratio, hue angle (h*), dominant wavelength (DW) and fresh tomato color index (TCIf) were the parameters that best differentiated the ripening stages of tomato fruit. Dominant wavelength and purity of excitation were correlated with a* and b*. Fresh tomato color index (TCIf) was related to the luminosity (L*) and yellow-blue component (b*)

Future opportunities of proximal near infrared spectroscopy approaches to determine the variability of vineyard water status

[Background and Aims] Non‐destructive, reliable, fast and automated plant‐based methods for the assessment of the water status of a grapevine are necessary to design irrigation strategies. The goal of this work was to test the capability of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy using a vehicle‐mounted and remote NIR sensor without plant contact (contactless) to assess the water status of grapevines in the vineyard. [Methods and Results] An NIR spectrometer (1100–2100 nm) mounted on an all‐terrain vehicle was used to acquire spectra (contactless, in stop‐and‐go mode) from leaves of water‐stressed and non‐stressed vines of Riesling at two timings during the season. Calibration and cross‐validation models yielded R2c = 0.95 and R2cv = 0.88 for the estimation of the stomatal conductance measured in the same grapevines. [Conclusions] The study demonstrates that NIR spectroscopy may become a potential tool for on‐the‐go assessment of proximal plant water status, although further research will be required for full confirmation. [Significance of the Study] The NIR technology tested, capable of being installed on vineyard machinery, paves the way to collect data on plant water status at high spatial and temporal resolution to assist in irrigation scheduling.The work leading to these results has received funding from the European Union under grant agreement no. 610953 (VINEROBOT project). Dr Maria P. Diago was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (MINECO) with a Ramon y Cajal grant RYC‐2015‐18429.Peer reviewe