Gray Matter Pathology in MS: A 3-Year Longitudinal Study in a Pediatric Population

RESULTS: At T0, GMf did not differ between cMS and NC (P .18), while it was lower in patients with aMS compared with both NCs (P .001) and patients with cMS (P .001). The number of patients with CLs, as well as CL number and volume, were higher in patients with aMS than in those with cMS (P .001). At T3, -GMf was higher in both patients with cMS (1.6% 0.5%; range 0.7%–3.4%; P .001) and aMS (1.6% 0.6%; range 0.6%–3.4%; P .001) compared with NCs (0.7% 0.2%; range 0.4%–1.1%), whereas no difference was observed between patients with cMS and aMS (P .93). -GMf significantly correlated with increased CL volume (cMS: r 0.46; aMS: r 0.48) and with the appearance of new CLs (cMS: r 0.51; aMS: r 0.49). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that focal (CLs) and diffuse (atrophy) GM damage are strictly associated with the biologic onset of MS, and proceed linearly and partly independently of WM pathology. ABBREVIATIONS: aMS adult-onset multiple sclerosis; CL cortical lesion; cMS childhoodonset multiple sclerosis; EDSS Expanded Disability Status Scale; GM gray matter; GMf gray matter fraction; -GMf delta gray matter fraction; -GMf_1 delta gray matter fraction at T1; -GMf_2 delta gray matter fraction at T2; -GMf_3 delta gray matter fraction at T3; NC healthy control; T0 baseline; T2WMLV T2 white matter lesion volum

Life in harsh environments : carabid and spider trait types and functional diversity on a debris-covered glacier and along its foreland

1. Patterns of species richness and species assemblage composition of ground-dwelling arthropods in primary successions along glacier forelands are traditionally described using a taxonomic approach. On the other hand, the functional trait approach could ensure a better characterisation of their colonisation strategies in these types of habitat. 2. The functional trait approach was applied to investigate patterns of functional diversity and life-history traits of ground beetles and spiders on an alpine debris-covered glacier and along its forefield in order to describe their colonisation strategies. 3. Ground beetles and spiders were sampled at different successional stages, representing five stages of deglaciation. 4. The results show that the studied glacier hosts ground beetle and spider assemblages that are mainly characterised by the following traits: walking colonisers, ground hunters and small-sized species. These traits are typical of species living in cold, wet, and gravelly habitats. The diversity of functional traits in spiders increased along the succession, and in both carabids and spiders, life-history traits follow the \u2018addition and persistence model\u2019. Accordingly, there is no turnover but there is an addition of new traits and a variation in their proportion within each species assemblage along the succession. The distribution of ground beetles and spiders along the glacier foreland and on the glacier seems to be driven by dispersal ability and foraging strategy. 5. The proposed functional approach improves knowledge of the adaptive strategies of ground-dwelling arthropods colonising glacier surfaces and recently deglaciated terrains, which represent landforms quickly changing due to global warming

Estudio y diseño de alternativas sustentables para envolventes de viviendas de interés social en las diferentes zonas bioclimáticas de la provincia de Córdoba

Identificación y caracterización del problema objeto del estudio: La consideración de los recursos naturales en las diferentes regiones bioclimáticas, son factores fundamentales en el diseño de las envolventes de las viviendas para un uso racional de la energía. Estos aspectos tienen una incidencia directa en los presupuestos que deben afrontar los habitantes para solventar los gastos energéticos, en especial en aquellos sectores de menores recursos en la sociedad. Considerando la estructura socio-económica de la población y el déficit habitacional, surge como una de las temáticas más importantes el de la habitabilidad. La mayoría de de las viviendas de interés social en la Provincia de Córdoba no tienen la posibilidad de ser climatizadas con medios convencionales. Por tal razón, el diseño y materialización de las envolventes debiera ajustarse a las condiciones bioambientales de cada zona en particular y a la vez aprovechar los recursos naturales garantizando el confort ambiental con mayor ahorro energético. La Provincia de Córdoba abarca diferentes zonas bioambientales (II a y IIIa) de la República Argentina (Norma IRAM 11603) que presentan microclimas que deben ser determinados para la solución del tema-problema abordado. Es importante relevar la disponibilidad de materiales en cada zona y determinar la aptitud de los mismos, considerando simultáneamente los aspectos económicos de cada alternativa planteada. Hipótesis: La concreción de la investigación del tema-problema planteado permitirá que los requerimientos físicos de las envolventes para cada zona bioambiental de la Provincia de Córdoba sean incorporados en las Normativas y Reglamentaciones vigentes como así también alternativas de envolventes que cumplan con las mismas. Planteo de objetivos: Generales: Mejorar las condiciones de confort bioambiental para viviendas de interés social y disminuir el gasto energético en las viviendas de interés social de la Provincia de Córdoba; Específicos: Plantear alternativas constructivas de envolventes que mejoren los aspectos térmicos, acústicos y lumínicos en las viviendas. Materiales y métodos a utilizar: Se estudiarán los materiales de construcción disponibles en cada zona, como así también aquellos de bajo costo o para reciclar. Las metodologías a utilizar serán variadas y estarán en relación a cada desarrollo en particular: relevamientos teóricos y análisis biliográficos sobre la temática, relevamientos cuantitativos de condiciones de confort ( temperaturas de las envolventes y del aire, niveles de ruido, iluminancias medias de ambientes, velocidad del aire interior) mediante la utilización de instrumental específico, relevamientos cualitativos (encuestas) en los habitantes de viviendas de interés social ubicadas en diferentes zonas bioclimáticas, verificación de alternativas y posible modelización.Fil: Collet, Laura Elvira. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura; ArgentinaFil: Cravero, Mauricio. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura; ArgentinaFil: Seppi, Zafira Margarita.Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura; Argentin

Estudio y diseño de alternativas sustentables para envolventes de viviendas de interés social en las diferentes zonas bioclimáticas de la provincia de Córdoba

Identificación y caracterización del problema objeto del estudio: La consideración de los recursos naturales en las diferentes regiones bioclimáticas, son factores fundamentales en el diseño de las envolventes de las viviendas para un uso racional de la energía. Estos aspectos tienen una incidencia directa en los presupuestos que deben afrontar los habitantes para solventar los gastos energéticos, en especial en aquellos sectores de menores recursos en la sociedad. Considerando la estructura socio-económica de la población y el déficit habitacional, surge como una de las temáticas más importantes el de la habitabilidad. La mayoría de de las viviendas de interés social en la Provincia de Córdoba no tienen la posibilidad de ser climatizadas con medios convencionales. Por tal razón, el diseño y materialización de las envolventes debiera ajustarse a las condiciones bioambientales de cada zona en particular y a la vez aprovechar los recursos naturales garantizando el confort ambiental con mayor ahorro energético. La Provincia de Córdoba abarca diferentes zonas bioambientales (II a y IIIa) de la República Argentina (Norma IRAM 11603) que presentan microclimas que deben ser determinados para la solución del tema-problema abordado. Es importante relevar la disponibilidad de materiales en cada zona y determinar la aptitud de los mismos, considerando simultáneamente los aspectos económicos de cada alternativa planteada. Hipótesis: La concreción de la investigación del tema-problema planteado permitirá que los requerimientos físicos de las envolventes para cada zona bioambiental de la Provincia de Córdoba sean incorporados en las Normativas y Reglamentaciones vigentes como así también alternativas de envolventes que cumplan con las mismas. Planteo de objetivos: Generales: Mejorar las condiciones de confort bioambiental para viviendas de interés social y disminuir el gasto energético en las viviendas de interés social de la Provincia de Córdoba; Específicos: Plantear alternativas constructivas de envolventes que mejoren los aspectos térmicos, acústicos y lumínicos en las viviendas. Materiales y métodos a utilizar: Se estudiarán los materiales de construcción disponibles en cada zona, como así también aquellos de bajo costo o para reciclar. Las metodologías a utilizar serán variadas y estarán en relación a cada desarrollo en particular: relevamientos teóricos y análisis biliográficos sobre la temática, relevamientos cuantitativos de condiciones de confort ( temperaturas de las envolventes y del aire, niveles de ruido, iluminancias medias de ambientes, velocidad del aire interior) mediante la utilización de instrumental específico, relevamientos cualitativos (encuestas) en los habitantes de viviendas de interés social ubicadas en diferentes zonas bioclimáticas, verificación de alternativas y posible modelización.Fil: Collet, Laura Elvira. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura; ArgentinaFil: Cravero, Mauricio. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura; ArgentinaFil: Seppi, Zafira Margarita.Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Arquitectura; Argentin

Diffusion tensor imaging of Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy: a tract-based spatial statistics study

Although often clinically indistinguishable in the early stages, Parkinson's disease (PD), Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) and Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) have distinct neuropathological changes. The aim of the current study was to identify white matter tract neurodegeneration characteristic of each of the three syndromes. Tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) was used to perform a whole-brain automated analysis of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data to compare differences in fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) between the three clinical groups and healthy control subjects. Further analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between these putative indices of white matter microstructure and clinical measures of disease severity and symptoms. In PSP, relative to controls, changes in DTI indices consistent with white matter tract degeneration were identified in the corpus callosum, corona radiata, corticospinal tract, superior longitudinal fasciculus, anterior thalamic radiation, superior cerebellar peduncle, medial lemniscus, retrolenticular and anterior limb of the internal capsule, cerebral peduncle and external capsule bilaterally, as well as the left posterior limb of the internal capsule and the right posterior thalamic radiation. MSA patients also displayed differences in the body of the corpus callosum corticospinal tract, cerebellar peduncle, medial lemniscus, anterior and superior corona radiata, posterior limb of the internal capsule external capsule and cerebral peduncle bilaterally, as well as the left anterior limb of the internal capsule and the left anterior thalamic radiation. No significant white matter abnormalities were observed in the PD group. Across groups, MD correlated positively with disease severity in all major white matter tracts. These results show widespread changes in white matter tracts in both PSP and MSA patients, even at a mid-point in the disease process, which are not found in patients with PD

O Corona, where art thou? eROSITA's view of UV-optical-IR variability-selected massive black holes in low-mass galaxies

Finding massive black holes (MBHs, $M_{BH}\approx10^4-10^7 M_{\odot}$) in the nuclei of low-mass galaxies ($M_{*}\lessapprox10^{10} M_{\odot}$) is crucial to constrain seeding and growth of black holes over cosmic time, but it is particularly challenging due to their low accretion luminosities. Variability selection via long-term photometric ultraviolet, optical, or infrared (UVOIR) light curves has proved effective and identifies lower-Eddington ratios compared to broad and narrow optical spectral lines searches. In the inefficient accretion regime, X-ray and radio searches are effective, but they have been limited to small samples. Therefore, differences between selection techniques have remained uncertain. Here, we present the first large systematic investigation of the X-ray properties of a sample of known MBH candidates in dwarf galaxies. We extracted X-ray photometry and spectra of a sample of $\sim200$ UVOIR variability-selected MBHs and significantly detected 17 of them in the deepest available \emph{SRG}/eROSITA image, of which four are newly discovered X-ray sources and two are new secure MBHs. This implies that tens to hundreds of LSST MBHs will have SRG/eROSITA counterparts, depending on the seeding model adopted. Surprisingly, the stacked X-ray images of the many non-detected MBHs are incompatible with standard disk-corona relations, typical of active galactic nuclei, inferred from both the optical and radio fluxes. They are instead compatible with the X-ray emission predicted for normal galaxies. After careful consideration of potential biases, we identified that this X-ray weakness needs a physical origin. A possibility is that a canonical X-ray corona might be lacking in the majority of this population of UVOIR-variability selected low-mass galaxies or that unusual accretion modes and spectral energy distributions are in place for MBHs in dwarf galaxies.Comment: Accepted for publication in A&

Development and Validation of Automated Magnetic Resonance Parkinsonism Index 2.0 to Distinguish Progressive Supranuclear Palsy-Parkinsonism From Parkinson's Disease

Background: Differentiating progressive supranuclear palsy-parkinsonism (PSP-P) from Parkinson's disease (PD) is clinically challenging. Objective: This study aimed to develop an automated Magnetic Resonance Parkinsonism Index 2.0 (MRPI 2.0) algorithm to distinguish PSP-P from PD and to validate its diagnostic performance in two large independent cohorts. Methods: We enrolled 676 participants: a training cohort (n = 346; 43 PSP-P, 194 PD, and 109 control subjects) from our center and an independent testing cohort (n = 330; 62 PSP-P, 171 PD, and 97 control subjects) from an international research group. We developed a new in-house algorithm for MRPI 2.0 calculation and assessed its performance in distinguishing PSP-P from PD and control subjects in both cohorts using receiver operating characteristic curves. Results: The automated MRPI 2.0 showed excellent performance in differentiating patients with PSP-P from patients with PD and control subjects both in the training cohort (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC] = 0.93 [95% confidence interval, 0.89–0.98] and AUC = 0.97 [0.93–1.00], respectively) and in the international testing cohort (PSP-P versus PD, AUC = 0.92 [0.87–0.97]; PSP-P versus controls, AUC = 0.94 [0.90–0.98]), suggesting the generalizability of the results. The automated MRPI 2.0 also accurately distinguished between PSP-P and PD in the early stage of the diseases (AUC = 0.91 [0.84–0.97]). A strong correlation (r = 0.91, P < 0.001) was found between automated and manual MRPI 2.0 values. Conclusions: Our study provides an automated, validated, and generalizable magnetic resonance biomarker to distinguish PSP-P from PD. The use of the automated MRPI 2.0 algorithm rather than manual measurements could be important to standardize measures in patients with PSP-P across centers, with a positive impact on multicenter studies and clinical trials involving patients from different geographic regions. © 2022 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society