From Frequency Domain to Temperature Domain of Transformer Liquid Insulation

The dielectric response of the overall transformer insulation is an invaluable source of information for those involved in the manufacture, operation and maintenance of power and distribution transformers. One of the greatest advances in the use of the transformer insulation dielectric response is without a doubt the possibility of performing advanced diagnostics of the oil-paper insulation to determine the moisture concentration of the solid insulation and the quality of the liquid insulation. Moreover, based on the knowledge acquired, the dielectric response in the frequency domain allows correct definition of the thermal behavior of dielectric parameters such as power factor or dissipation factor. Dissipation factor or power factor are dependent on frequency and temperature. It is clear for field users that the thermal behavior of the dielectric parameters is related to the condition of the overall insulation system and not just to the construction or nameplate of the transformer. Therefore, the application of the dielectric response in the frequency domain is a more accurate method to determine the real thermal behavior of the power factor. In the context of this document, authors investigate different liquid insulation materials with different aging/quality conditions, their dielectric response in the frequency domain and the conversion of this response into the temperature domain.Instituto de Investigaciones Tecnológicas para Redes y Equipos Eléctricos (IITREE

From Frequency Domain to Temperature Domain of Transformer Liquid Insulation

The dielectric response of the overall transformer insulation is an invaluable source of information for those involved in the manufacture, operation and maintenance of power and distribution transformers. One of the greatest advances in the use of the transformer insulation dielectric response is without a doubt the possibility of performing advanced diagnostics of the oil-paper insulation to determine the moisture concentration of the solid insulation and the quality of the liquid insulation. Moreover, based on the knowledge acquired, the dielectric response in the frequency domain allows correct definition of the thermal behavior of dielectric parameters such as power factor or dissipation factor. Dissipation factor or power factor are dependent on frequency and temperature. It is clear for field users that the thermal behavior of the dielectric parameters is related to the condition of the overall insulation system and not just to the construction or nameplate of the transformer. Therefore, the application of the dielectric response in the frequency domain is a more accurate method to determine the real thermal behavior of the power factor. In the context of this document, authors investigate different liquid insulation materials with different aging/quality conditions, their dielectric response in the frequency domain and the conversion of this response into the temperature domain.Instituto de Investigaciones Tecnológicas para Redes y Equipos Eléctricos (IITREE

Evaluación de las asignaciones presupuestarias de proyectos de inversión pública del área urbana del cantón Riobamba y su incidencia en el desarrollo local, período 2015-2016/Evaluation of budget allocations for public investment projects in the urban are

Resumen El principal objetivo del presente ensayo es evaluar las asignaciones presupuestarias de los proyectos de inversión pública en el área urbana del Cantón Riobamba y su incidencia en el Desarrollo Local en el período 2015-2016, el presente trabajo de investigación fue correlacionar porque permitió conocer la relación o grado de asociación que existió entre la inversión pública, las asignaciones presupuestarias y el desarrollo local; a través de la aplicación de las variables de análisis estadístico: ANOVA y LEVENE; determinando así, cómo influyó esta relación de variables en mejorar la calidad de vida de la población considerando una correcta visión de desarrollo local en sus dimensiones: económica, social y territorial. De tal forma que se realice una revisión a la gestión realizada en la elaboración, ejecución y evaluación presupuestaria de los recursos económicos provistos por el Gobierno Local y Nacional; su uso, su beneficio y los resultados obtenidos, que permitan un aporte significativo en la evaluación de la inclusión de un adecuado modelo de ordenamiento territorial previsto a través de la Constitución y leyes vigentes para verificar que la ciudadanía se encuentre en un entorno ordenado, organizado y con acceso a un desarrollo local sostenible y sustentable en el tiempo. The main objective of this essay is to evaluate the budget allocations of public investment projects in the urban area of the Riobamba Canton and its impact on Local Development in the period 2015-2016, the present research work was correlated because it allowed to know the relationship or degree of association that existed between public investment, budget allocations and local development; through the application of statistical analysis variables: ANOVA and LEVENE; determining how this relationship of variables influenced to improve the quality of life of the population considering a correct vision of local development in its dimensions: economic, social and territorial. In such a way that a review is made of the management carried out in the preparation, execution and budgetary evaluation of the economic resources provided by the Local and National Government; its use, its benefit and the results obtained, which allow a significant contribution in the evaluation of the inclusion of an adequate model of territorial ordering foreseen through the Constitution and laws in force to verify that citizenship is in an orderly, organized environment and with access to sustainable local development that is sustainable over time. Palabras clave: Ordenamiento Territorial, Territorio, Presupuesto, Desarrollo Local, Evaluación. Keywords: Territorial Planning, Territory, Budget, Local Development, Evaluation

Entering and Leaving Self-Employment: A Panel Data Analysis for 12 Developing Countries

This paper examines the determinants of labor market transitions into and out of self-employment (own-account work and employer), using panel data from 12 developing countries in multiple regions. Despite cross-country heterogeneity, a few consistent patterns emerge. Entering the labor market through, or moving from wage employment into, own-account work is generally infrequent even during economic downturns, suggesting that own-account work is not an automatic choice for subsistence. Some better educated and older workers become employers by starting their business with paid employees or by growing their business from own-account work, although the overall chances of becoming employers are quite low and employer downsizing to own-account work is common. Reflecting the frequent transitions between own-account work and employer statuses, in many cases, particularly in middle-income countries, a substantial proportion of own-account workers share common characteristics with employers (and vice versa). The results suggest that there is a role for programs to support employers sustain its activities and facilitate own-account workers to become employers

The Effectiveness of Financial Incentives for Health Behaviour Change: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Financial incentive interventions have been suggested as one method of promoting healthy behaviour change.To conduct a systematic review of the effectiveness of financial incentive interventions for encouraging healthy behaviour change; to explore whether effects vary according to the type of behaviour incentivised, post-intervention follow-up time, or incentive value.Searches were of relevant electronic databases, research registers, www.google.com, and the reference lists of previous reviews; and requests for information sent to relevant mailing lists.Controlled evaluations of the effectiveness of financial incentive interventions, compared to no intervention or usual care, to encourage healthy behaviour change, in non-clinical adult populations, living in high-income countries, were included.The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool was used to assess all included studies. Meta-analysis was used to explore the effect of financial incentive interventions within groups of similar behaviours and overall. Meta-regression was used to determine if effect varied according to post-intervention follow up time, or incentive value.Seventeen papers reporting on 16 studies on smoking cessation (n = 10), attendance for vaccination or screening (n = 5), and physical activity (n = 1) were included. In meta-analyses, the average effect of incentive interventions was greater than control for short-term (≤ six months) smoking cessation (relative risk (95% confidence intervals): 2.48 (1.77 to 3.46); long-term (>six months) smoking cessation (1.50 (1.05 to 2.14)); attendance for vaccination or screening (1.92 (1.46 to 2.53)); and for all behaviours combined (1.62 (1.38 to 1.91)). There was not convincing evidence that effects were different between different groups of behaviours. Meta-regression found some, limited, evidence that effect sizes decreased as post-intervention follow-up period and incentive value increased. However, the latter effect may be confounded by the former.The available evidence suggests that financial incentive interventions are more effective than usual care or no intervention for encouraging healthy behaviour change.PROSPERO CRD42012002393

RECUPERACIÓN DE PERCLORETILENO EN INDUCALSA

A recovery system for perchlorine ethylene from hazardous liquid waste (Ministry Agreement 026 MAE) which stems from shoe making polyurethane sole washing has been designed (Brito H. / Rodríguez B., 2014). Such waste is directly disposed into the environment, causing losses in flora and fauna (GUARIN, O. / RUEDA, G. / PEREZ, H. 2010). Besides contributing with environmental liabilities, the recovered perchlorine ethylene complies the requirements of the DIRSA safety card, because of what it is reutilized in the manufacture process, which contributes to the decrease of production costs and the conservation of the ecosystem. This hazardous waste should be delivered to an environmental manager before paying for its transportation and final disposal (90 USD per kg of waste). For this reason, INDUCALSA along with ESPOCH researchers carried out a scaling of the recovery system by working with 20 samples of perchlorine ethylene – silicone during a lapse of four weeks. An initial characterization was followed by in – lab recovery to measure the variables (temperature, time, input and output flow) with whom the process was scaled for 45,73 Kg/h of waste. The pH, density, viscosity and IR spectrum of the obtained product were analyzed. They showed the purity of the solvent (Disolventes Reunidas, S.A., 2003), which is acceptable because of its high economic value in the market as well as the contribution to the change of the productive matrix in Ecuador (SENPLADES, 2012)

Manejo De Residuos Sólidos Hospitalarios En La Unidad Oncológica Solca-Chimborazo

It was determined that the handling of the solid waste generated by the SOLCA – Chimborazo cancer hospital was not appropriate, both internally and externally. Because of that, the classification, transport, storage, deactivation, and intermediate disposition are inconvenient. Thus, it was realized that it is important to have the requirements and documents to follow and comply the objectives that are specified within the management, focusing on feedback and continuous improvement. To learn about the nature of the generated residuals, they were characterized in the hospital. Common, infectious, radioactive, organic and sharp residuals were found during the months of September, November and December. The common waste is comprised of cardboard, paper and plastic. The per-capita production of residuals was 0.76 kg/patient/day. The environmental impact caused by the generation of hospital solid waste was 56% severe impacts and 44% moderate impacts, which could elicit health problems in the population surrounding the hospital. For this reason, the appropriate management of solid waste allowed to obtain large environmental benefits and reduce the pollution generated by the hospital solid waste. It is recommended to SOLCA-Chimborazo and other health institutions the implementation of an adequate solid waste management, which will allow them to comply with all the requirements enforced by the environmental regulations

Monitoreo del proceso de secado de transformadores en fábrica mediante espectroscopia dieléctrica

Una vez que la parte activa del transformador es ensamblada en fábrica, es preciso secar adecuadamente el aislamiento sólido antes de iniciar el proceso de impregnación con el aceite. En la mayoría de los transformadores; el material aislante principal sólido es celulosa; cuya estructura está compuesta por una cadena de anillos de glucosa. Si bien la celulosa posee excelentes características dieléctricas, éste material se caracteriza por ser altamente higroscópico. Si el proceso de secado en fábrica no resulta eficiente, el transformador puede mantener concentraciones de humedad inadmisibles lo cual acorta drásticamente la vida útil del aislamiento, incrementa el riesgo de falla y con ello, se condiciona las posibilidades se sobrecarga planificada o emergente del transformador. Para la etapa de secado, los fabricantes utilizan diferentes metodologías tradicionales: secado circulación de aire caliente, secado en fase de vapor, secado térmico y alto vacío, secado por rociado de aceite caliente, secado por corriente de baja frecuencia, entre los más comunes. Dependiendo del método que se utilice, el proceso de secado podrías resultar en un alto costo económico y una alta demanda de energía. En este sentido, la calidad del proceso de secado, la duración del proceso y el consumo total de energía son, por consiguiente, factores críticos para seleccionar el procedimiento de secado más conveniente y eficiente. Por lo expuesto, el proceso de secado resulta de particular interés en fábrica. En ese sentido, mediante ensayos de espectroscopia dieléctrica; donde se evalúa las características dieléctricas de un sistema de aislamiento, es posible estimar el contenido de humedad en la celulosa. Con los ajustes adecuados, estas mediciones se pueden realizar de manera simultánea durante el proceso de secado por aire caliente y vacío. Este trabajo es un compendio de la aplicación de la espectroscopía dieléctrica durante el proceso de secado en fábrica e incluye la revisión de casos de estudio donde la eficiencia del proceso es de suma importancia en la optimización de procesos de fabricación y en la implementación de más altos niveles de control de calidad.Instituto de Investigaciones Tecnológicas para Redes y Equipos Eléctricos (IITREE

From Frequency Domain to Temperature Domain of Transformer Liquid Insulation

The dielectric response of the overall transformer insulation is an invaluable source of information for those involved in the manufacture, operation and maintenance of power and distribution transformers. One of the greatest advances in the use of the transformer insulation dielectric response is without a doubt the possibility of performing advanced diagnostics of the oil-paper insulation to determine the moisture concentration of the solid insulation and the quality of the liquid insulation. Moreover, based on the knowledge acquired, the dielectric response in the frequency domain allows correct definition of the thermal behavior of dielectric parameters such as power factor or dissipation factor. Dissipation factor or power factor are dependent on frequency and temperature. It is clear for field users that the thermal behavior of the dielectric parameters is related to the condition of the overall insulation system and not just to the construction or nameplate of the transformer. Therefore, the application of the dielectric response in the frequency domain is a more accurate method to determine the real thermal behavior of the power factor. In the context of this document, authors investigate different liquid insulation materials with different aging/quality conditions, their dielectric response in the frequency domain and the conversion of this response into the temperature domain.Instituto de Investigaciones Tecnológicas para Redes y Equipos Eléctricos (IITREE