1,095 research outputs found
Electron gun for diffraction experiments off controlled molecules
A dc electron gun, generating picosecond pulses with up to
electrons per pulse, was developed. Its applicability for future
time-resolved-diffraction experiments on state- and conformer-selected
laser-aligned or oriented gaseous samples was characterized. The focusing
electrodes were arranged in a velocity-map imaging spectrometer configuration.
This allowed to directly measure the spatial and velocity distributions of the
electron pulses emitted from the cathode. The coherence length and pulse
duration of the electron beam were characterized by these measurements combined
with electron trajectory simulations. Electron diffraction data off a thin
aluminum foil illustrated the coherence and resolution of the electron-gun
setup
Strongly aligned and oriented molecular samples at a kHz repetition rate
We demonstrate strong adiabatic laser alignment and mixed-field orientation
at kHz repetition rates. We observe degrees of alignment as large as
cos\Theta=0.94 at 1 kHz operation for iodobenzene. The experimental setup
consist of a kHz laser system simultaneously producing pulses of 30 fs (1.3 mJ)
and 450 ps (9 mJ). A cold 1 K state-selected molecular beam is produced at the
same rate by appropriate operation of an Even-Lavie valve. Quantum state
selection has been obtained using an electrostatic deflector. A camera and data
acquisition system records and analyzes the images on a single-shot basis. The
system is capable of producing, controlling (translation and rotation) and
analyzing cold molecular beams at kHz repetition rates and is, therefore,
ideally suited for the recording of ultrafast dynamics in so-called "molecular
movies".Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures, in press in Mol. Phys., accepted in February
2013, in final production (galley proofs done) since March 8, 2013, v3 only
adds publication dat
Two-state wave packet for strong field-free molecular orientation
We demonstrate strong laser-field-free orientation of absolute-ground-state
carbonyl sulfide molecules. The molecules are oriented by the combination of a
485-ps-long non-resonant laser pulse and a weak static electric field. The
edges of the laser pulse create a coherent superposition of two rotational
states resulting in revivals of strong transient molecular orientation after
the laser pulse. The experimentally attained degree of orientation of 0.6
corresponds to the theoretical maximum for mixing of the two states. Switching
off the dc field would provide the same orientation completely field-free
Carbonation of concrete with construction and demolition waste based recycled aggregates and cement with recycled content
Durability is a major concern in concrete (particularly recycled concrete) structures exposed to carbonation-induced corrosion, given the social, economic, environmental and safety implications involved. This article explores carbonation performance in concrete with 25% or 50% mixed recycled construction and demolition waste aggregate, alone or in conjunction with cement containing 25% fired clay construction and demolition waste. Irrespective of cement type, the mean carbonation depth was slightly greater in materials with 25% or 50% recycled aggregate than in concretes with 100% natural aggregate, although the difference was not statistically significant for the 25% replacement ratio. In all the concretes studied, the carbonation coefficient was below the 4 mm/yr0.5 indicative of good quality. Based on the prediction model proposed in Spain’s concrete code, reinforcement passivity was guaranteed in all these types of concrete when exposed to class XC1 to XC4 carbonation environments for substantially longer than their 100 year design service life.This study was funded under research projects BIA 2013-48876-C3-1-R, BIA2013-48876-C3-2-R and BIA2016-76643-C3-1-R awarded by the Ministry of Science and Innovation and grant GR 18122 awarded to the MATERIA Research Group by the Regional Government of Extremadura and the European Regional Development Fund, ERDF. In 2016 University of Extremadura teaching and research personnel benefitted from a mobility grant (MOV15A029) awarded by the Regional Government of Extremadura and in 2018 from a José Castillejo (CAS17/00313) scholarship granted by the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport. Philip Van den Heede is since October 2017 a postdoctoral fellow of the Research Foundation—Flanders (FWO) (project number 3E013917) and acknowledges its support.Peer reviewe
Concrete with supplementary cementitious materials
This volume contains the proceedings of the MSSCE 2016 conference segment on
“Concrete with Supplementary Cementitious Materials” (SCM). The conference
segment is organized by the RILEM technical committee TC 238-SCM: Hydration
and microstructure of concrete with supplementary cementitious materials. TC
238-SCM started activities in 2011 and has about 50 members from all over the
world. The main objective of the committee is to support the increasing utilisation
of hydraulic and pozzolanic industrial by-products, natural resources and societal
waste to obtain more sustainable, less CO2-intensive binders for the construction
industry. The TC serves as a knowledge platform where fundamental science and
practical expertise are gathered to create a horizontal overview of the research
area and to implement and promote the dissemination of more integrated generic
approaches into the scientific community. One of the main challenges of the TC
is to deal with SCM variability and binder diversification.
The present conference segment deals with theory, modeling, and results from
experimental investigations with relation to the use of SCMs in concrete. The topics
covered include characterization of SCMs, SCM reactivity in blended cements,
cement-SCM interaction, SCM-admixture interaction, hydration products, pore
solution composition, effect of SCM on fresh concrete, hardened concrete with
SCM, SCM influence on microstructure and durability of concrete with SCM. All
these topics have relation to the aforementioned RILEM technical committee
238-SCM. The conference segment is attended by more than 40 presenters from
university, industry and practice representing 30 different countries. Hopefully,
it will contribute to synthesis of research on concrete with SCMs and promote
knowledge transfer from academia to practice. All contributions have been peer
reviewed
Freeze-thaw durability of recycled concrete from construction and demolition wastes
Road engineering is one of the most accepted applications for concrete including
recycled aggregates from construction and demolition wastes as a partial replacement of the natural
coarse aggregates. Amongst the durability concerns of such application, the deterioration due to
freeze-thaw cycles is one of the most important causes decreasing the life span of concrete in
countries with a continental climate. Moreover, the use of de-icing salts, which is a common
practice to prevent ice formation on roadways and walkways, increases the superficial degradation
of concrete due to frost-salt scaling. Thus, this paper aims to assess the resistance to frost salt with
de-icing salts of two recycled concrete mixtures containing a 50% replacement of the conventional
gravel by recycled aggregates both of mixed and ceramic nature, i.e. containing ceramic percentages
of 34% and 100%, in comparison to a conventional concrete made with siliceous gravel. Therefore,
the surface scaling was evaluated based on EN 1339 (2004) on 28 days cured cylinders, exposed to
7, 14, 21 and 28 freeze-thaw cycles in the presence of sodium chloride solution. Given that no airentraining
admixture was used in any of the mixtures, the scaling of both conventional and recycled
concretes exceeded the 1 kg/m2 limit established by the European standard. Nonetheless, for the
casting surface, the recycled concrete with low ceramic content exhibited a similar behaviour to the
conventional concrete, whereas the performance of the recycled concrete with high ceramic content
was better. However, as expected, trowelled surfaces showed a worse performance and both
recycled concretes had a lower freeze-thaw durability than the conventional mixture. In any case,
the results suggested that the composition of the recycled aggregates could be used as a factor to
limit the differences in performance between recycled and conventional mixtures
Tailoring gelation mechanisms for advanced hydrogel applications
Hydrogels are one of the most commonly explored classes of biomaterials. Their chemical and structural versatility has enabled their use across a wide range of applications, including tissue engineering, drug delivery, and cell culture. Hydrogels form upon a sol–gel transition, which can be elicited by different triggers designed to enable precise control over hydrogelation kinetics and hydrogel structure. The chosen hydrogelation trigger and chemistry can have a profound effect on the success of the targeted application. In this Progress Report, a critical overview of recent advances in hydrogel design is presented, with a focus on the available strategies used to trigger the formation of hydrogel networks (e.g., temperature, light, ultrasound). These triggers are presented within a new classification system, and their suitability for six key hydrogel‐based applications is assessed. This Progress Report is intended to guide trigger selection for new hydrogel applications and inspire the rational design of new hydrogelation trigger mechanisms
Identification and characterization of novel factors that act in the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay pathway in nematodes, flies and mammals
Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is a surveillance mechanism that degrades mRNAs harboring premature termination codons (PTCs). We have conducted a genome-wide RNAi screen in Caenorhabditis elegans that resulted in the identification of five novel NMD genes that are conserved throughout evolution. Two of their human homologs, GNL2 (ngp-1) and SEC13 (npp-20), are also required for NMD in human cells. We also show that the C. elegans gene noah-2, which is present in Drosophila melanogaster but absent in humans, is an NMD factor in fruit flies. Altogether, these data identify novel NMD factors that are conserved throughout evolution, highlighting the complexity of the NMD pathway and
suggesting that yet uncovered novel factors may act to regulate this process
Differential patterns of school motivation in students of culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds
The purpose of this paper was the comparative empirical investigation of school motivation in students of culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. Disparities in the levels of multiple adaptive as well as maladaptive dimensions of school motivation between students with and without immigrant backgrounds were investigated. Moreover, the explanatory role of socioeconomic status was examined. Data from 785 students from grade 6, drawn from 36 different German schools were analysed. School motivation was assessed with the eleven translated subscales of the Motivation and Engagement Scale (Martin, 2010). This highly differentiated and integrative instrument does not only take into account adaptive cognitive and behavioural dimensions of school motivation, but also maladaptive cognitive and behavioural dimensions. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was performed and effect sizes were calculated. School track was included in the model as a control variable. The results showed no differences in the adaptive motivational dimensions between students with and without immigrant backgrounds. At the same time, students with immigrant backgrounds scored higher on all maladaptive cognitive dimensions while no group differences were observed with regard to the maladaptive behavioural dimensions. After the inclusion of socioeconomic status as a covariate in the model, the reported statistically significant differences between students with and without immigrant backgrounds were no longer identifiable with respect to two of the three maladaptive cognitive dimensions. Implications of the results for research and pedagogical practice in the field of scholastic support for students with immigrant backgrounds are discussed. (DIPF/Orig.
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