Child with acute lobar nephronia

A five-year-old girl child presented to us with a history of two weeks high grade fever treated outside with intensive antibiotic therapy for an ultrasound abdomen finding of hypoechoic lesion in the midpole of the left kidney. As fever and sonographic findings persisted, a CT abdomen was done, which showed features of lobar nephronia but reported as Wilm’s tumor. Child underwent open biopsy and the diagnosis of lobar nephronia was confirmed. Child was continued on antibiotics and fever and sonographic findings improved

Drugs Effective in Anemia

<p><i>Anemia is manifested by a deficiency of red blood cells or a decreased ability of these cells to carry oxygen. Anemia cN occur due to nutritional deficiencies, genetic abnormalities and chronic Diseases. In this article, more information is given about the usage of drugs for managing anemia and their mechanism of action. Iron deficiency anemia can happen due to insufficient iron intake or absorption. Iron supplements are available in many forms namely ferric citrate, ferrous gluconate and ferrous sulfate. B12 injections are available to treat anemia. Megaloblastic anemia, the cells become enlarged and show less efficiency in carrying oxygen due to lack of B12. Pernicious anemia can happens because an immune system attacks the cells in the stomach that produce intrinsic factor, a protein responsible for B 12 absorption. Side effects of B 12 injections are pain or swelling at the injection site and itching or rash. Diagnosis is based on the measurement of the levels of folate by blood tests. It is finally concluded that the management of anemia hinges a identifying the specific type and underlying the cause of the condition.</i></p&gt

Mechanism of Anti-Cholinesterases and Medical Applications of Alzheimers Disease as Well as Myasthenia Gravis

<p><i>Anti-cholinesteraseplays a major role especially in neuro muscular disorders. These substances target the cholinesterase enzymes specifically acetyl cholinesterase (ACh E)to regulate the levels of acetyl choline,a neuro transmitter responsible for nerve signal transmission. Cholinesterase enzymes essentially ACh E and butyrylcholinesterase ( BuCH E) are responsible for breaking down acetyl cholineafter it has transmitted a nerve signal.Anti-cholinesterases perform their actions by stopping the activity of the enzyme acetyl cholinesterase. Acetyl cholinesterase is essential for breaking down the neurotransmitter acetyl choline particularly in the synaptic cleft, the gap between nerve cells. Medications such asdonepezil, galantamine and rivastigmine inhibit ACh E as well as BuCH E and enhance cognitive function. Myasthenia gravis is an auto immune disorder that leads to the occurrence of muscle weaknessand fatigue. Anti-cholinesterases especially pyridostigmine enhance muscle strength by prolonging acetylcholines action particularly at neuro muscularjunctions. It is finally concludedthat anti-cholinesterases are helpful in treating neuro muscular diseases by targeting cholinesterase enzymes and mofdulating acetyl choline levels<strong>.</strong></i></p&gt

Understanding the Effectiveness of Drugs in Neutropenia Management

<p><i>Neutropenia is manifested by an abnormally low number of neutrophils. Neutropenis can occur due to many causes such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy and certain medications. A very few drugs namely filgastim and pegfilgadtim can increase neutrophils. Granulocyte colony_ stimulating factors (G _ CSF s) ate a class of cytokines that play a main role in enhancing neutrophils. An administration of G_CSF plays a role in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy to treat neutropenia. Common side effects of G _ CSF therapy are bone pain, fever and headache. G _ CSF s should be used with caution in patients with certain medical situations namely leukemia, as they can increase the growth of cancer cells. A very few myeloid growth factors such as sargramostim may be considered in treating neutropenic patients. In some cases, treating the underlying cause of neutropenia is the most effective approach. It is finally concluded that effective management of neutropenia is related to the variety of drugs tailored to the underlying cause and severity of the condition.</i></p&gt

Mechanism of Action of Anti-Parkinsons Disease, Side Effects of Dopamine Agonists, MAO- Inhibitors, COMT Inhibitors, Mechanism of Action as Well as Side Effects of Anti Cholinergics and Amantidine

<p><i>Levadopa plays a role in treating Parkinson's disease. Levadopa and carbidopa play a major in relieving the major symptomsof the condition namely tremors,rigidity and bradykinesia. An activation of dopamine receptorsenhance motor controland decrease symptomsregarding low dopaminelevels in the brain. The drugs of dopamine agonistsinclude apomorphine, bromocriptine, pramipexole and Ropinirole. Mechanism of MAO-B inhibitors is to inhibit the enzyme MAO-B which breakdown dopamine particularly in the brain. Mechanism of action of COMT inhibitors to stop the activityof COMT, which is essentialfor breaking down certain neurotransmitters namely dopamine and nor epinephrine in the brain. Low levels of acetyl choline lead to the occurrence of relaxation of smooth muscles,decreased glandular secretions and reduced nerve impulses. Anticholionergics are involved regardingtreatment of medicalconditions along with treating over active bladder, motion sickness and certain respiratory conditions. Drugs of anti cholinergics include Benztropine and Tri hexy phenidyl. Finally it is concluded that Amantidine plays a major role as anti viral and is also involvedin treating Parkinsons disease.</i></p&gt

Topography and Sediments of the Western Continental Shelf of India - Vengurla to Mangalore

224-230Survey of the western continental margin of India between Vengurla and Mangalore shows that the shelf has an average width of about 80 km. The most common shelf break in the region belongs to the gentle break type of Wear {Mar. Technol. Soc. J. 8 (1974), 37} and for this reason the depth of the shelf break varies between 90 and 120 m. A less common variety of the shelf break is one where a terrace is present at the shelf break as off Bhatkal. Surficial sediments consist of silts and clays on the inner shelf (50 m), calcareous sand on the outer shelf (50 to 100 m) and silty sands on the upper continental slope (100 m). Carbonate content in the coarse fraction is low in the inner shelf (90%) on the upper continental slope. On a carbonate free basis the change in texture of the sediments is least on the inner shelf and greatest on the outer shelf and upper continental slope. Outer shelf sands contain iron-stained quartz (recent and relict) to the extent of 20% whereas the inner shelf sediments contain only unstained quartz. Distribution of mud on the continental shelf has been explained using the conceptual models of McCave {Shelf sediment transport process and pattern (Dowden Hutchinson and Ross, Inc., Stroudsburg), 1972, 225}

Current methods for the isolation of extracellular vesicles

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including microvesicles and exosomes, are nano- to micron-sized vesicles, which may deliver bioactive cargos that include lipids, growth factors and their receptors, proteases, signaling molecules, as well as mRNA and non-coding RNA, released from the cell of origin, to target cells. EVs are released by all cell types and likely induced by mechanisms involved in oncogenic transformation, environmental stimulation, cellular activation, oxidative stress, or death. Ongoing studies investigate the molecular mechanisms and mediators of EVs-based intercellular communication at physiological and oncogenic conditions with the hope of using this information as a possible source for explaining physiological processes in addition to using them as therapeutic targets and disease biomarkers in a variety of diseases. A major limitation in this evolving discipline is the hardship and the lack of standardization for already challenging techniques to isolate EVs. Technical advances have been accomplished in the field of isolation with improving knowledge and emerging novel technologies, including ultracentrifugation, microfluidics, magnetic beads and filtration-based isolation methods. In this review, we will discuss the latest advances in methods of isolation methods and production of clinical grade EVs as well as their advantages and disadvantages, and the justification for their support and the challenges that they encounter