Obesity in the world

El presente artículo analiza el sobrepeso y obesidad, y lo que estos implican como un enorme problema de salud pública en el mundo y en el Perú. Representan un problema que ha tenido un acelerado crecimiento en las últimas décadas, particularmente en los grupos de menor edad, y está relacionado con cambios en las condiciones de vida de la población. Destaca entre ellos, el enorme crecimiento del mercado y consumo de productos llamados ultra procesados que paulatinamente van sustituyendo los alimentos naturales y mínimamente procesados en la dieta de las poblaciones. El artículo sostiene que este crecimiento se debe principalmente a dos factores. Por un lado, la desregulación del mercado y, por otro, la enorme maquinaria publicitaria que estimula el consumo de estos productos. La obesidad está relacionada también con el proceso de urbanización que ha generado ciudades donde se prioriza la movilidad motorizada, en detrimento de la no motorizada, ciudades con carencia de espacios verdes y de recreación, cambios hacia formas sedentarias de recreación, con sus consecuencias en la disminución de la actividad física de la población. Luego, el artículo sostiene las respuestas y los compromisos que se han generado en los foros internacionales para enfrentar la obesidad y sus consecuencias en las enfermedades no transmisibles. Respuestas y compromisos para implementación de políticas públicas orientadas a combatir las condiciones de vida de las personas que favorecen la obesidad, calificado como ambiente obesogénico. Finalmente, se advierte el hecho de que estas políticas se enfrentan a intereses de sectores económicos poderosos vinculados con la industria alimentaria y de bebidas, lo que dificulta su implementación.This article discusses overweight and obesity and its implications as a huge public health problem in the world and in Peru. It is a problem with rapid growth in recent decades, particularly among younger age groups, and is related to changes in the living conditions of the population. Notable among these changes are the market’s massive growth and the consumption of ultra-processed products, which are gradually replacing natural and minimally processed foods in the population’s diet. The article argues that this growth is mainly due to two factors: the market`s lack of regulation for these ultra-processed products and the huge marketing machinery that encourages their consumption. Obesity is also related to the urbanization process. The latter has given rise to cities that prioritize motorized mobility at the expense of non-motorized transportation, with insufficient green areas and recreation spaces, all of which decreases the population’s physical activity levels. In order to address this enormous health problem, the international community has responded with various documents that compile well evidence based policy recommendations to control obesity and its consequences on noncommunicable diseases. Finally, the article remarks the fact that these policies confront powerful economic interests from the food and beverage industry that hinder their implementation. It depends on policy makers and citizens to surmount this conflict of interests and tip the balance towards the health of the population

Employment Expectations and Gross Flows by Type of Work Contract

There is growing interest in understanding firms’ temporary and permanent employment practices and how institutional changes shape them. Using data on Spanish establishments, we examine: (a) how employers adjust temporary and permanent job and worker flows to prior employment expectations, and (b) how the 1994 and 1997 labour reforms promoting permanent employment affected establishments’ employment practices. Generally, establishments’ prior employment expectations are realized through changes in all job and worker flows. However, establishments uniquely rely on temporary hires as a buffer to confront diminishing long-run employment expectations. None of the reforms significantly affected establishments’ net temporary or permanent employment flows.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/40032/3/wp646.pd

The beta Pictoris association: Catalog of photometric rotational periods of low-mass members and candidate members

We intended to compile the most complete catalog of bona fide members and candidate members of the beta Pictoris association, and to measure their rotation periods and basic properties from our own observations, public archives, and exploring the literature. We carried out a multi-observatories campaign to get our own photometric time series and collected all archived public photometric data time series for the stars in our catalog. Each time series was analyzed with the Lomb-Scargle and CLEAN periodograms to search for the stellar rotation periods. We complemented the measured rotational properties with detailed information on multiplicity, membership, and projected rotational velocity available in the literature and discussed star by star. We measured the rotation periods of 112 out of 117 among bona fide members and candidate members of the beta Pictoris association and, whenever possible, we also measured the luminosity, radius, and inclination of the stellar rotation axis. This represents to date the largest catalog of rotation periods of any young loose stellar association. We provided an extensive catalog of rotation periods together with other relevant basic properties useful to explore a number of open issues, such as the causes of spread of rotation periods among coeval stars, evolution of angular momentum, and lithium-rotation connection.Comment: Forthcoming article, Received: 20 June 2016 / Accepted: 09 September 2016; 40 pages, 2 figures. The online figures A1-A73 are available at CD

Regulation of the Na+/K+-ATPase Ena1 Expression by Calcineurin/Crz1 under High pH Stress: A Quantitative Study

[EN] Regulated expression of the Ena1 Na+-ATPase is a crucial event for adaptation to high salt and/or alkaline pH stress in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ENA1 expression is under the control of diverse signaling pathways, including that mediated by the calcium-regulatable protein phosphatase calcineurin and its downstream transcription factor Crz1. We present here a quantitative study of the expression of Ena1 in response to alkalinization of the environment and we analyze the contribution of Crz1 to this response. Experimental data and mathematical models substantiate the existence of two stress-responsive Crz1-binding sites in the ENA1 promoter and estimate that the contribution of Crz1 to the early response of the ENA1 promoter is about 60%. The models suggest the existence of a second input with similar kinetics, which would be likely mediated by high pH-induced activation of the Snf1 kinase.This work was supported by grants BFU2011-30197-C3-01, BFU2014-54591-C2-1-P and EUI2009-04147 (SysMo2) to JA. (Ministry of Industry and Competitivity, Spain, and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional [FEDER]). JA is the recipient of an Ajut 2014SGR-4 award (Generalitat de Catalunya). DC was recipient of a predoctoral fellowship from the Spanish Ministry of Education. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Petrezsélyová, S.; López-Malo, M.; Canadell, D.; Roque, A.; Serra-Cardona, A.; Marques Romero, MC.; Vilaprinyó, E.... (2016). Regulation of the Na+/K+-ATPase Ena1 Expression by Calcineurin/Crz1 under High pH Stress: A Quantitative Study. PLoS ONE. 11(6):e0158424-e0158424. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158424Se0158424e015842411

Modifiable risk factors associated with prediabetes in men and women: A cross-sectional analysis of the cohort study in primary health care on the evolution of patients with prediabetes

Background: Prediabetes is a high-risk state for diabetes development, but little is known about the factors associated with this state. The aim of the study was to identify modifiable risk factors associated with the presence of prediabetes in men and women. Methods: Cohort Study in Primary Health Care on the Evolution of Patients with Prediabetes (PREDAPS-Study) is a prospective study on a cohort of 1184 subjects with prediabetes and another cohort of 838 subjects without glucose metabolism disorders. It is being conducted by 125 general practitioners in Spain. Data for this analysis were collected during the baseline stage in 2012. The modifiable risk factors included were: smoking habit, alcohol consumption, low physical activity, inadequate diet, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and obesity. To assess independent association between each factor and prediabetes, odds ratios (ORs) were estimated using logistic regression models. Results: Abdominal obesity, low plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol), and hypertension were independently associated with the presence of prediabetes in both men and women. After adjusting for all factors, the respective ORs (95% Confidence Intervals) were 1.98 (1.41-2.79), 1.88 (1.23-2.88) and 1.86 (1.39-2.51) for men, and 1.89 (1.36-2.62), 1.58 (1.12-2.23) and 1.44 (1.07-1.92) for women. Also, general obesity was a risk factor in both sexes but did not reach statistical significance among men, after adjusting for all factors. Risky alcohol consumption was a risk factor for prediabetes in men, OR 1.49 (1.00-2.24). Conclusions: Obesity, low HDL-cholesterol levels, and hypertension were modifiable risk factors independently related to the presence of prediabetes in both sexes. The magnitudes of the associations were stronger for men than women. Abdominal obesity in both men and women displayed the strongest association with prediabetes. The findings suggest that there are some differences between men and women, which should be taken into account when implementing specific recommendations to prevent or delay the onset of diabetes in adult population

RICORS2040 : The need for collaborative research in chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a silent and poorly known killer. The current concept of CKD is relatively young and uptake by the public, physicians and health authorities is not widespread. Physicians still confuse CKD with chronic kidney insufficiency or failure. For the wider public and health authorities, CKD evokes kidney replacement therapy (KRT). In Spain, the prevalence of KRT is 0.13%. Thus health authorities may consider CKD a non-issue: very few persons eventually need KRT and, for those in whom kidneys fail, the problem is 'solved' by dialysis or kidney transplantation. However, KRT is the tip of the iceberg in the burden of CKD. The main burden of CKD is accelerated ageing and premature death. The cut-off points for kidney function and kidney damage indexes that define CKD also mark an increased risk for all-cause premature death. CKD is the most prevalent risk factor for lethal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the factor that most increases the risk of death in COVID-19, after old age. Men and women undergoing KRT still have an annual mortality that is 10- to 100-fold higher than similar-age peers, and life expectancy is shortened by ~40 years for young persons on dialysis and by 15 years for young persons with a functioning kidney graft. CKD is expected to become the fifth greatest global cause of death by 2040 and the second greatest cause of death in Spain before the end of the century, a time when one in four Spaniards will have CKD. However, by 2022, CKD will become the only top-15 global predicted cause of death that is not supported by a dedicated well-funded Centres for Biomedical Research (CIBER) network structure in Spain. Realizing the underestimation of the CKD burden of disease by health authorities, the Decade of the Kidney initiative for 2020-2030 was launched by the American Association of Kidney Patients and the European Kidney Health Alliance. Leading Spanish kidney researchers grouped in the kidney collaborative research network Red de Investigación Renal have now applied for the Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS) call for collaborative research in Spain with the support of the Spanish Society of Nephrology, Federación Nacional de Asociaciones para la Lucha Contra las Enfermedades del Riñón and ONT: RICORS2040 aims to prevent the dire predictions for the global 2040 burden of CKD from becoming true

La obesidad en el mundo

This article discusses overweight and obesity and its implications as a huge public health problem in the world and in Peru. It is a problem with rapid growth in recent decades, particularly among younger age groups, and is related to changes in the living conditions of the population. Notable among these changes are the market’s massive growth and the consumption of ultra-processed products, which are gradually replacing natural and minimally processed foods in the population’s diet. The article argues that this growth is mainly due to two factors: the market`s lack of regulation for these ultra-processed products and the huge marketing machinery that encourages their consumption. Obesity is also related to the urbanization process. The latter has given rise to cities that prioritize motorized mobility at the expense of non-motorized transportation, with insufficient green areas and recreation spaces, all of which decreases the population’s physical activity levels. In order to address this enormous health problem, the international community has responded with various documents that compile well evidence based policy recommendations to control obesity and its consequences on noncommunicable diseases. Finally, the article remarks the fact that these policies confront powerful economic interests from the food and beverage industry that hinder their implementation. It depends on policy makers and citizens to surmount this conflict of interests and tip the balance towards the health of the population.El presente artículo analiza el sobrepeso y obesidad, y lo que estos implican como un enorme problema de salud pública en el mundo y en el Perú. Representan un problema que ha tenido un acelerado crecimiento en las últimas décadas, particularmente en los grupos de menor edad, y está relacionado con cambios en las condiciones de vida de la población. Destaca entre ellos, el enorme crecimiento del mercado y consumo de productos llamados ultra procesados que paulatinamente van sustituyendo los alimentos naturales y mínimamente procesados en la dieta de las poblaciones. El artículo sostiene que este crecimiento se debe principalmente a dos factores. Por un lado, la desregulación del mercado y, por otro, la enorme maquinaria publicitaria que estimula el consumo de estos productos. La obesidad está relacionada también con el proceso de urbanización que ha generado ciudades donde se prioriza la movilidad motorizada, en detrimento de la no motorizada, ciudades con carencia de espacios verdes y de recreación, cambios hacia formas sedentarias de recreación, con sus consecuencias en la disminución de la actividad física de la población. Luego, el artículo sostiene las respuestas y los compromisos que se han generado en los foros internacionales para enfrentar la obesidad y sus consecuencias en las enfermedades no transmisibles. Respuestas y compromisos para implementación de políticas públicas orientadas a combatir las condiciones de vida de las personas que favorecen la obesidad, calificado como ambiente obesogénico. Finalmente, se advierte el hecho de que estas políticas se enfrentan a intereses de sectores económicos poderosos vinculados con la industria alimentaria y de bebidas, lo que dificulta su implementación

Preservation of renal function in cardiac surgery patients with low cardiac output syndrome: levosimendan vs beta agonists

Background: Some studies have been performed to assess the effects of levosimendan on cardiac function when administered to cardiac surgery patients with low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS) in the immediate postoperative period. Levosimendan is an inotropic agent for the treatment of low cardiac output syndrome that seems to have a protective effect on renal function. Methods: It is a quasi-experimental study. A total of 100 patients with LCOS received either beta-agonists or levosimendan. We assessed the incidence of postoperative kidney failure in cardiac surgery patients. In patients who had kidney failure at diagnosis of LCOS, we examined whether differences existed in the evolution of kidney failure based on the treatment administered for LCOS. The parameters measured included haemodynamics, oxygen supply, and renal function as assessed by the AKI scale. ANOVA, Student's t-test and Wilcoxon or Friedman tests were used. Results: Up to 30% of cardiac surgery patients had kidney failure at diagnosis of LCOS. Kidney failure at discharge from the ICU was more frequent in patients who received beta-agonist drugs as compared to those who received levosimendan (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The incidence of kidney failure decreased with the postoperative administration of levosimendan to cardiac surgery patients with LCOS, as compared to beta-agonists. Trial registration: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN 46058317. Date of registration: 7/10/2019. Retrospectively registered.Anesthesia Department HU Virgen de la Victoria: design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.Ye