ECOLOGICALLY ACCEPTABLE LUBRICANTS

Increase of ecological awareness affected the realization of more strict laws concerning the environment, which are being imposed in many countries. It also affected lubricant area and tendency for decreased pollution that lubricants can induce if they are uncontrollably spread around. Earlier it was believed that biodegradability is the most important criteria for evaluating the ecologically acceptable lubricants. Many studies had given the results of testing the affect that lubricants have on flora and fauna in water, their accumulation potential and human health. European Union commission had presented in 2005. the document under number 2005/360/EC that applies on lubricants that can carry the so-called Eco-label. It defines seven basic criteria that lubricants must fulfill. Manufacturers of components for lubricant production and lubricants itself had gotten newmissions. In this paper are shown the results of lubricant testing that completely satisfy the given criteria. They apply on toxicity for flora and fauna in water, bio accumulation potential and harmful health impact potential. Special demand is applied on using feedstock that are not only biodegradable, but are produced from renewable sources, and thus fulfill technical lubricant performances

Prostor za primarnu-osnovnu zdravstvenu zaštitu u naseljima planinskog područja Centralne Srbije

In the work there is analyzed the net of existing sanitary stations and ambulances in settlements far from the sanitary homes in the mountainous district in Central Serbia, and the necessity for the new ones is being established. The consulting room of the doctor is defining the space. The necessary number of them is being calculated according to the sex and the ages groups of the gravitating population, by defining their needs and through the annual capacity of the doctor or stomatologue. The result is defining the number of performers and shifts in consulting rooms for one or more settlements.U radu se analizira mreža postojećih i utvrđuje potreba za novim zdravstvenim stanicama i ambulantama u naseljima udaljenim od domova zdravlja na planinskom području i u Centralnoj Srbiji. Odrednica prostora je ordinacija lekara. Njihov potreban broj se izračunava prema polu i starosnim grupama gravitirajućeg stanovništva, određenim njihovim potrebama i kroz godišnji kapacitet lekara ili stomatologa. Rezultat određuje broj izvršilaca i smena u ordinacijama zajedno ili više naselja

Prostor za primarnu-osnovnu zdravstvenu zaštitu u naseljima planinskog područja Centralne Srbije

In the work there is analyzed the net of existing sanitary stations and ambulances in settlements far from the sanitary homes in the mountainous district in Central Serbia, and the necessity for the new ones is being established. The consulting room of the doctor is defining the space. The necessary number of them is being calculated according to the sex and the ages groups of the gravitating population, by defining their needs and through the annual capacity of the doctor or stomatologue. The result is defining the number of performers and shifts in consulting rooms for one or more settlements.U radu se analizira mreža postojećih i utvrđuje potreba za novim zdravstvenim stanicama i ambulantama u naseljima udaljenim od domova zdravlja na planinskom području i u Centralnoj Srbiji. Odrednica prostora je ordinacija lekara. Njihov potreban broj se izračunava prema polu i starosnim grupama gravitirajućeg stanovništva, određenim njihovim potrebama i kroz godišnji kapacitet lekara ili stomatologa. Rezultat određuje broj izvršilaca i smena u ordinacijama zajedno ili više naselja

Systematic reviews of qualitative evidence for environmental policy and management: An overview of different methodological options

This is the final version. Available from BMC via the DOI in this record. Qualitative research related to the human dimensions of conservation and environment is growing in quantity. Rigorous syntheses of such studies can help develop understanding and inform decision-making. They can combine findings from studies in varied or similar contexts to address questions relating to, for example, the lived experience of those affected by environmental phenomena or interventions, or to intervention implementation. Researchers in environmental management have adapted methodology for systematic reviews of quantitative research so as to address questions about the magnitude of intervention effects or the impacts of human activities or exposure. However, guidance for the synthesis of qualitative evidence in this field does not yet exist. The objective of this paper is to present a brief overview of different methods for the synthesis of qualitative research and to explore why and how reviewers might select between these. The paper discusses synthesis methods developed in other fields but applicable to environmental management and policy. These methods include thematic synthesis, framework synthesis, realist synthesis, critical interpretive synthesis and meta-ethnography. We briefly describe each of these approaches, give recommendations for the selection between them, and provide a selection of sources for further reading.European UnionSwedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research FORMASSweden’s innovation agency VINNOVAAcademy of FinlandNational Centre for Research and Development in Polan

ECOLOGICALLY ACCEPTABLE LUBRICANTS

Increase of ecological awareness affected the realization of more strict laws concerning the environment, which are being imposed in many countries. It also affected lubricant area and tendency for decreased pollution that lubricants can induce if they are uncontrollably spread around. Earlier it was believed that biodegradability is the most important criteria for evaluating the ecologically acceptable lubricants. Many studies had given the results of testing the affect that lubricants have on flora and fauna in water, their accumulation potential and human health. European Union commission had presented in 2005. the document under number 2005/360/EC that applies on lubricants that can carry the so-called Eco-label. It defines seven basic criteria that lubricants must fulfill. Manufacturers of components for lubricant production and lubricants itself had gotten newmissions. In this paper are shown the results of lubricant testing that completely satisfy the given criteria. They apply on toxicity for flora and fauna in water, bio accumulation potential and harmful health impact potential. Special demand is applied on using feedstock that are not only biodegradable, but are produced from renewable sources, and thus fulfill technical lubricant performances

Risk of recurrence after a first episode of symptomatic venous thromboembolism provoked by a transient risk factor: a systematic review.

We aimed to determine the risk of recurrence for symptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE) provoked by different transient risk factors. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Collaboration Registry of Randomized Trials databases were searched. STUDY SELECTION: Prospective cohort studies and randomized trials of patients with a first episode of symptomatic VTE provoked by a transient risk factor and treated for at least 3 months were identified. DATA EXTRACTION: Number of patients and recurrent VTE during the 0- to 12-month and 0- to 24-month intervals after stopping therapy, study design, and provoking risk factor characteristics were extracted. DATA SYNTHESIS: Annualized recurrence rates were calculated and pooled across studies. At 24 months, the rate of recurrence was 3.3% per patient-year (11 studies, 2268 patients) for all patients with a transient risk factor, 0.7% per patient-year (3 studies, 248 patients) in the subgroup with a surgical factor, and 4.2% per patient-year (3 studies, 509 patients) in the subgroup with a nonsurgical factor. In the same studies, the rate of recurrence after unprovoked VTE was 7.4% per patient-year. The rate ratio for a nonsurgical compared with a surgical factor was 3.0 and for unprovoked thrombosis compared with a nonsurgical factor was 1.8 at 24 months. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of recurrence is low if VTE is provoked by surgery, intermediate if provoked by a nonsurgical risk factor, and high if unprovoked. These risks affect whether patients with VTE should undergo short-term vs indefinite treatment

The effect of shielding gas composition on the toughness and crack growth parameters of AlMg4,5Mn weld metals

The experiment have been performed using samples of welded joints of the three components aluminium alloy AlMg4,5Mn. The welding was performed with GTAW in the shielded atmosphere of Ar+0,015N2, mixture of the inert gases Ar+50%He+0,015N2 and Ar+70%He+0,015N2. After welding has been completed, the metallographic tests, the tensile test and the tests of the hardness were performed. Also, the weld metal toughness was estimated, using the instrumental Charpy impact testing system, followed by estimating the crack initiation energy, crack growth energy and the fracture mechanics parameters. The goal was to establish the effects of shielding atmosphere composition on the mechanical properties and fracture mechanics parameters of weld metal

Structured computer-based training in the interpretation of neuroradiological images

Computer-based systems may be able to address a recognised need throughout the medical profession for a more structured approach to training. We describe a combined training system for neuroradiology, the MR Tutor that differs from previous approaches to computer-assisted training in radiology in that it provides case-based tuition whereby the system and user communicate in terms of a well-founded Image Description Language. The system implements a novel method of visualisation and interaction with a library of fully described cases utilising statistical models of similarity, typicality and disease categorisation of cases. We describe the rationale, knowledge representation and design of the system, and provide a formative evaluation of its usability and effectiveness

Antagonistic Activities of Sox2 and Brachyury Control the Fate Choice of Neuro-Mesodermal Progenitors

The spinal cord and mesodermal tissues of the trunk such as the vertebral column and skeletal musculature derive from neuro-mesodermal progenitors (NMPs). Sox2, Brachyury (T), and Tbx6 have been correlated with NMP potency and lineage choice; however, their exact role and interaction in these processes have not yet been revealed. Here we present a global analysis of NMPs and their descending lineages performed on purified cells from embryonic day 8.5 wild-type and mutant embryos. We show that T, cooperatively with WNT signaling, controls the progenitor state and the switch toward the mesodermal fate. Sox2 acts antagonistically and promotes neural development. T is also involved in remodeling the chromatin for mesodermal development. Tbx6 reinforces the mesodermal fate choice, represses the progenitor state, and confers paraxial fate commitment. Our findings refine previous models and establish molecular principles underlying mammalian trunk development, comprising NMP maintenance, lineage choice, and mesoderm formation