HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1, DRB3, DRB4, DRB5 and DQB1 polymorphism detected by PCR-SSP in a semi-urban HIV-positive Ugandan population.

PCR-SSP was used to HLA-type a cohort of Ugandan HIV-positive individuals. The results represent a more comprehensive description of HLA in an African population than previously described and are in concordance with data from a general Black population. Substantial differences exist between this population and Caucasoid populations in which immunological responses to HIV have been investigated; this emphasises that the main HLA-restrictive elements for HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes will most likely be different for each population

Distinct signatures of the immune responses in low risk versus high risk neuroblastoma

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Over 90% of low risk (LR) neuroblastoma patients survive whereas less than 30% of high risk (HR) patients are long term survivors. Age (children younger than 18 months old) is associated with LR disease. Considering that adaptive immune system is well developed in older children, and that T cells were shown to be involved in tumor escape and progression of cancers, we sought to determine whether HR patients may tend to show a signature of adaptive immune responses compared to LR patients who tend to have diminished T-cell responses but an intact innate immune response.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We performed microarray analysis of RNA extracted from the tumor specimens of HR and LR patients. Flow cytometry was performed to determine the cellular constituents in the blood while multiplex cytokine array was used to detect the cytokine profile in patients' sera. A HR tumor cell line, SK-N-SH, was also used for detecting the response to IL-1β, a cytokines which is involved in the innate immune responses.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Distinct patterns of gene expression were detected in HR and LR patients indicating an active T-cell response and a diminished adaptive immune response, respectively. A diminished adaptive immune response in LR patients was evident by higher levels of IL-10 in the sera. In addition, HR patients had lower levels of circulating myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) compared with a control LR patient. LR patients showed slightly higher levels of cytokines of the innate immune responses. Treatment of the HR tumor line with IL-1β induced expression of cytokines of the innate immune responses.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This data suggests that adaptive immune responses may play an important role in the progression of HR disease whereas innate immune responses may be active in LR patients.</p

HLA-A*02:07 Is a Protective Allele for EBV Negative and a Susceptibility Allele for EBV Positive Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma in China

HLA-A2 protects from EBV+ classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) in Western Europe, but it is unknown whether this protective effect also exists in the Chinese population. We investigated the association of HLA-A2 and specific common and well documented HLA-A2 subtypes with EBV stratified cHL patients (n = 161) from the northern part of China. Quantitative-PCR and sequence-based subtyping was performed to identify HLA-A2 positive samples and their subtypes. 67 (42%) of the cHL patients were EBV+. There were no significant differences in percentages of HLA-A2 positivity between cHL and controls (65% vs 66%) and between EBV+ and EBV− cHL patients (70% vs 61%). The frequency distribution of HLA-A2 subtypes was significantly different between EBV stratified cHL subgroups and controls. This difference was most striking for the HLA-A*02:07 type with a frequency of 38% in EBV+ cHL, 8% in EBV− cHL and 20% in controls. Significant differences were also observed for the HLA-A*02:07, HLA-A2 (non-02:07) and the A2-negative typings between EBV+ cHL vs controls (p = 0.028), EBV− cHL vs controls (p = 0.045) and EBV+ vs EBV− cHL cases (p = 2×10−5). In conclusion, HLA-A*02:07 is a predisposing allele for EBV+ cHL and a protective allele for EBV− cHL in the northern Chinese population

Permissivity of the NCI-60 cancer cell lines to oncolytic Vaccinia Virus GLV-1h68

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Oncolytic viral therapy represents an alternative therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancer. We previously described GLV-1h68, a modified Vaccinia Virus with exclusive tropism for tumor cells, and we observed a cell line-specific relationship between the ability of GLV-1h68 to replicate in vitro and its ability to colonize and eliminate tumor in vivo.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In the current study we surveyed the in vitro permissivity to GLV-1h68 replication of the NCI-60 panel of cell lines. Selected cell lines were also tested for permissivity to another Vaccinia Virus and a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) strain. In order to identify correlates of permissity to viral infection, we measured transcriptional profiles of the cell lines prior infection.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We observed highly heterogeneous permissivity to VACV infection amongst the cell lines. The heterogeneity of permissivity was independent of tissue with the exception of B cell derivation. Cell lines were also tested for permissivity to another Vaccinia Virus and a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) strain and a significant correlation was found suggesting a common permissive phenotype. While no clear transcriptional pattern could be identified as predictor of permissivity to infection, some associations were observed suggesting multifactorial basis permissivity to viral infection.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our findings have implications for the design of oncolytic therapies for cancer and offer insights into the nature of permissivity of tumor cells to viral infection.</p

Optical chemosensors and reagents to detect explosives

[EN] This critical review is focused on examples reported from 1947 to 2010 related to the design of chromo-fluorogenic chemosensors and reagents for explosives (141 references). © 2012 The Royal Society of Chemistry.Financial support from the Spanish Government (project MAT2009-14564-C04) and the Generalitat Valencia (project PROMETEO/2009/016) is gratefully acknowledged. Y.S. is grateful to the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for her grant.Salinas Soler, Y.; Martínez Mañez, R.; Marcos Martínez, MD.; Sancenón Galarza, F.; Costero Nieto, AM.; Parra Álvarez, M.; Gil Grau, S. (2012). Optical chemosensors and reagents to detect explosives. Chemical Society Reviews. 41(3):1261-1296. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cs15173hS12611296413Furton, K. (2001). The scientific foundation and efficacy of the use of canines as chemical detectors for explosives. Talanta, 54(3), 487-500. doi:10.1016/s0039-9140(00)00546-4H�kansson, K., Coorey, R. V., Zubarev, R. A., Talrose, V. L., & H�kansson, P. (2000). Low-mass ions observed in plasma desorption mass spectrometry of high explosives. Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 35(3), 337-346. doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9888(200003)35:33.0.co;2-7Walsh, M. (2001). Determination of nitroaromatic, nitramine, and nitrate ester explosives in soil by gas chromatography and an electron capture detector. Talanta, 54(3), 427-438. doi:10.1016/s0039-9140(00)00541-5Sylvia, J. M., Janni, J. A., Klein, J. D., & Spencer, K. M. (2000). Surface-Enhanced Raman Detection of 2,4-Dinitrotoluene Impurity Vapor as a Marker To Locate Landmines. Analytical Chemistry, 72(23), 5834-5840. doi:10.1021/ac0006573Yinon, J. (1982). Mass spectrometry of explosives: Nitro compounds, nitrate esters, and nitramines. Mass Spectrometry Reviews, 1(3), 257-307. doi:10.1002/mas.1280010304Mathurin, J. C., Faye, T., Brunot, A., Tabet, J. C., Wells, G., & Fuché, C. (2000). High-Pressure Ion Source Combined with an In-Axis Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer. 1. Instrumentation and Applications. Analytical Chemistry, 72(20), 5055-5062. doi:10.1021/ac000171mHallowell, S. (2001). Screening people for illicit substances: a survey of current portal technology. Talanta, 54(3), 447-458. doi:10.1016/s0039-9140(00)00543-9Vourvopoulos, G. (2001). Pulsed fast/thermal neutron analysis: a technique for explosives detection. Talanta, 54(3), 459-468. doi:10.1016/s0039-9140(00)00544-0Krausa, M., & Schorb, K. (1999). Trace detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in the gaseous phase by cyclic voltammetry. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 461(1-2), 10-13. doi:10.1016/s0022-0728(98)00162-4Steinfeld, J. I., & Wormhoudt, J. (1998). EXPLOSIVES DETECTION: A Challenge for Physical Chemistry. Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, 49(1), 203-232. doi:10.1146/annurev.physchem.49.1.203Moore, D. S. (2004). Instrumentation for trace detection of high explosives. Review of Scientific Instruments, 75(8), 2499-2512. doi:10.1063/1.1771493Martínez-Máñez, R., Sancenón, F., Hecht, M., Biyikal, M., & Rurack, K. (2010). Nanoscopic optical sensors based on functional supramolecular hybrid materials. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 399(1), 55-74. doi:10.1007/s00216-010-4198-2Moragues, M. E., Martínez-Máñez, R., & Sancenón, F. (2011). Chromogenic and fluorogenic chemosensors and reagents for anions. A comprehensive review of the year 2009. Chemical Society Reviews, 40(5), 2593. doi:10.1039/c0cs00015aMartínez-Máñez, R., & Sancenón, F. (2005). New Advances in Fluorogenic Anion Chemosensors. Journal of Fluorescence, 15(3), 267-285. doi:10.1007/s10895-005-2626-zXu, Z., Chen, X., Kim, H. N., & Yoon, J. (2010). Sensors for the optical detection ofcyanide ion. Chem. Soc. Rev., 39(1), 127-137. doi:10.1039/b907368jNolan, E. M., & Lippard, S. J. (2008). Tools and Tactics for the Optical Detection of Mercuric Ion. Chemical Reviews, 108(9), 3443-3480. doi:10.1021/cr068000qPallavicini, P., Diaz-Fernandez, Y. A., & Pasotti, L. (2009). Micelles as nanosized containers for the self-assembly of multicomponent fluorescent sensors. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 253(17-18), 2226-2240. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2008.11.010Que, E. L., & Chang, C. J. (2010). Responsive magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents as chemical sensors for metals in biology and medicine. Chem. Soc. Rev., 39(1), 51-60. doi:10.1039/b914348nMohr, G. J. (2004). Tailoring the sensitivity and spectral properties of a chromoreactand for the detection of amines and alcohols. Analytica Chimica Acta, 508(2), 233-237. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2003.12.005Martínez-Máñez, R., & Sancenón, F. (2003). Fluorogenic and Chromogenic Chemosensors and Reagents for Anions. Chemical Reviews, 103(11), 4419-4476. doi:10.1021/cr010421eJ. P. Agrawal and R. D.Hodgson, Organic Chemistry of Explosives, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 2007, ISBN-13, 978, 0-470-02967-1, HBCumming, C. J., Aker, C., Fisher, M., Fok, M., la Grone, M. J., Reust, D., … Williams, V. (2001). Using novel fluorescent polymers as sensory materials for above-ground sensing of chemical signature compounds emanating from buried landmines. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 39(6), 1119-1128. doi:10.1109/36.927423Toal, S. J., & Trogler, W. C. (2006). Polymer sensors for nitroaromatic explosives detection. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 16(28), 2871. doi:10.1039/b517953jMcQuade, D. T., Pullen, A. E., & Swager, T. M. (2000). Conjugated Polymer-Based Chemical Sensors. Chemical Reviews, 100(7), 2537-2574. doi:10.1021/cr9801014Zhou, Q., & Swager, T. M. (1995). Method for enhancing the sensitivity of fluorescent chemosensors: energy migration in conjugated polymers. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 117(26), 7017-7018. doi:10.1021/ja00131a031Yang, J.-S., & Swager, T. M. (1998). Porous Shape Persistent Fluorescent Polymer Films:  An Approach to TNT Sensory Materials. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 120(21), 5321-5322. doi:10.1021/ja9742996Yang, J.-S., & Swager, T. M. (1998). Fluorescent Porous Polymer Films as TNT Chemosensors:  Electronic and Structural Effects. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 120(46), 11864-11873. doi:10.1021/ja982293qYamaguchi, S., & Swager, T. M. (2001). Oxidative Cyclization of Bis(biaryl)acetylenes:  Synthesis and Photophysics of Dibenzo[g,p]chrysene-Based Fluorescent Polymers. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 123(48), 12087-12088. doi:10.1021/ja016692oZahn, S., & Swager, T. M. (2002). Three-Dimensional Electronic Delocalization in Chiral Conjugated Polymers. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 41(22), 4225-4230. doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20021115)41:223.0.co;2-3Amara, J. P., & Swager, T. M. (2005). Synthesis and Properties of Poly(phenylene ethynylene)s with Pendant Hexafluoro-2-propanol Groups. Macromolecules, 38(22), 9091-9094. doi:10.1021/ma051562bZhao, D., & Swager, T. M. (2005). Sensory Responses in Solution vs Solid State:  A Fluorescence Quenching Study of Poly(iptycenebutadiynylene)s. Macromolecules, 38(22), 9377-9384. doi:10.1021/ma051584yThomas III, S. W., Amara, J. P., Bjork, R. E., & Swager, T. M. (2005). Amplifying fluorescent polymer sensors for the explosives taggant 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dinitrobutane (DMNB). Chemical Communications, (36), 4572. doi:10.1039/b508408cNarayanan, A., Varnavski, O. P., Swager, T. M., & Goodson, T. (2008). Multiphoton Fluorescence Quenching of Conjugated Polymers for TNT Detection. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 112(4), 881-884. doi:10.1021/jp709662wChen, S., Zhang, Q., Zhang, J., Gu, J., & Zhang, L. (2010). Synthesis of two conjugated polymers as TNT chemosensor materials. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 149(1), 155-160. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2010.06.007Long, Y., Chen, H., Yang, Y., Wang, H., Yang, Y., Li, N., … Liu, F. (2009). Electrospun Nanofibrous Film Doped with a Conjugated Polymer for DNT Fluorescence Sensor. Macromolecules, 42(17), 6501-6509. doi:10.1021/ma900756wChang, C.-P., Chao, C.-Y., Huang, J. H., Li, A.-K., Hsu, C.-S., Lin, M.-S., … Su, A.-C. (2004). Fluorescent conjugated polymer films as TNT chemosensors. Synthetic Metals, 144(3), 297-301. doi:10.1016/j.synthmet.2004.04.003Levitsky, I. A., Euler, W. B., Tokranova, N., & Rose, A. (2007). Fluorescent polymer-porous silicon microcavity devices for explosive detection. Applied Physics Letters, 90(4), 041904. doi:10.1063/1.2432247Chen, L., McBranch, D., Wang, R., & Whitten, D. (2000). Surfactant-induced modification of quenching of conjugated polymer fluorescence by electron acceptors: applications for chemical sensing. Chemical Physics Letters, 330(1-2), 27-33. doi:10.1016/s0009-2614(00)00970-2Rose, A., Zhu, Z., Madigan, C. F., Swager, T. M., & Bulović, V. (2005). Sensitivity gains in chemosensing by lasing action in organic polymers. Nature, 434(7035), 876-879. doi:10.1038/nature03438Tamao, K., Uchida, M., Izumizawa, T., Furukawa, K., & Yamaguchi, S. (1996). Silole Derivatives as Efficient Electron Transporting Materials. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 118(47), 11974-11975. doi:10.1021/ja962829cSohn, H., Huddleston, R. R., Powell, D. R., West, R., Oka, K., & Yonghua, X. (1999). An Electroluminescent Polysilole and Some Dichlorooligosiloles. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 121(12), 2935-2936. doi:10.1021/ja983350iOhshita, J., & Kunai, A. (1998). Polymers with alternating organosilicon and π-conjugated units. Acta Polymerica, 49(8), 379-403. doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-4044(199808)49:83.0.co;2-zToal, S. J., Magde, D., & Trogler, W. C. (2005). Luminescent oligo(tetraphenyl)silole nanoparticles as chemical sensors for aqueous TNT. Chemical Communications, (43), 5465. doi:10.1039/b509404fSohn, H., Sailor, M. J., Magde, D., & Trogler, W. C. (2003). Detection of Nitroaromatic Explosives Based on Photoluminescent Polymers Containing Metalloles. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 125(13), 3821-3830. doi:10.1021/ja021214eSanchez, J. C., DiPasquale, A. G., Rheingold, A. L., & Trogler, W. C. (2007). Synthesis, Luminescence Properties, and Explosives Sensing with 1,1-Tetraphenylsilole- and 1,1-Silafluorene-vinylene Polymers. Chemistry of Materials, 19(26), 6459-6470. doi:10.1021/cm702299gSanchez, J. C., Urbas, S. A., Toal, S. J., DiPasquale, A. G., Rheingold, A. L., & Trogler, W. C. (2008). Catalytic Hydrosilylation Routes to Divinylbenzene Bridged Silole and Silafluorene Polymers. Applications to Surface Imaging of Explosive Particulates. Macromolecules, 41(4), 1237-1245. doi:10.1021/ma702274cSanchez, J. C., & Trogler, W. C. (2008). Efficient blue-emitting silafluorene–fluorene-conjugated copolymers: selective turn-off/turn-on detection of explosives. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 18(26), 3143. doi:10.1039/b802623hLiu, J., Zhong, Y., Lam, J. W. Y., Lu, P., Hong, Y., Yu, Y., … Tang, B. Z. (2010). Hyperbranched Conjugated Polysiloles: Synthesis, Structure, Aggregation-Enhanced Emission, Multicolor Fluorescent Photopatterning, and Superamplified Detection of Explosives. Macromolecules, 43(11), 4921-4936. doi:10.1021/ma902432mLu, P., Lam, J. W. Y., Liu, J., Jim, C. K. W., Yuan, W., Xie, N., … Tang, B. Z. (2010). Aggregation-Induced Emission in a Hyperbranched Poly(silylenevinylene) and Superamplification in Its Emission Quenching by Explosives. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 31(9-10), 834-839. doi:10.1002/marc.200900794Liu, Y., Mills, R. C., Boncella, J. M., & Schanze, K. S. (2001). Fluorescent Polyacetylene Thin Film Sensor for Nitroaromatics. Langmuir, 17(24), 7452-7455. doi:10.1021/la010696pToy, L. G., Nagai, K., Freeman, B. D., Pinnau, I., He, Z., Masuda, T., … Yampolskii, Y. P. (2000). Pure-Gas and Vapor Permeation and Sorption Properties of Poly[1-phenyl-2-[p-(trimethylsilyl)phenyl]acetylene] (PTMSDPA). Macromolecules, 33(7), 2516-2524. doi:10.1021/ma991566eSaxena, A., Fujiki, M., Rai, R., & Kwak, G. (2005). Fluoroalkylated Polysilane Film as a Chemosensor for Explosive Nitroaromatic Compounds. Chemistry of Materials, 17(8), 2181-2185. doi:10.1021/cm048319wSaxena, A., Rai, R., Kim, S.-Y., Fujiki, M., Naito, M., Okoshi, K., & Kwak, G. (2006). Weak noncovalent Si···FC interactions stabilized fluoroalkylated rod-like polysilanes as ultrasensitive chemosensors. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 44(17), 5060-5075. doi:10.1002/pola.21607Toal, S. J., Sanchez, J. C., Dugan, R. E., & Trogler, W. C. (2007). Visual Detection of Trace Nitroaromatic Explosive Residue Using Photoluminescent Metallole-Containing Polymers. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 52(1), 79-83. doi:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2006.00332.xStringer, R. C., Gangopadhyay, S., & Grant, S. A. (2010). Detection of Nitroaromatic Explosives Using a Fluorescent-Labeled Imprinted Polymer. Analytical Chemistry, 82(10), 4015-4019. doi:10.1021/ac902838cLi, J., Kendig, C. E., & Nesterov, E. E. (2007). Chemosensory Performance of Molecularly Imprinted Fluorescent Conjugated Polymer Materials. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 129(51), 15911-15918. doi:10.1021/ja0748027Bunte, G., Hürttlen, J., Pontius, H., Hartlieb, K., & Krause, H. (2007). Gas phase detection of explosives such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by molecularly imprinted polymers. Analytica Chimica Acta, 591(1), 49-56. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2007.02.014Zhang, X., & Jenekhe, S. A. (2000). Electroluminescence of Multicomponent Conjugated Polymers. 1. Roles of Polymer/Polymer Interfaces in Emission Enhancement and Voltage-Tunable Multicolor Emission in Semiconducting Polymer/Polymer Heterojunctions. Macromolecules, 33(6), 2069-2082. doi:10.1021/ma991913kHou, S., Ding, M., & Gao, L. (2003). Synthesis and Properties of Polyquinolines and Polyanthrazolines Containing Pyrrole Units in the Main Chain. Macromolecules, 36(11), 3826-3832. doi:10.1021/ma025768dKim, T. H., Kim, H. J., Kwak, C. G., Park, W. H., & Lee, T. S. (2006). Aromatic oxadiazole-based conjugated polymers with excited-state intramolecular proton transfer: Their synthesis and sensing ability for explosive nitroaromatic compounds. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 44(6), 2059-2068. doi:10.1002/pola.21319Nie, H., Zhao, Y., Zhang, M., Ma, Y., Baumgarten, M., & Müllen, K. (2011). Detection of TNT explosives with a new fluorescent conjugated polycarbazole polymer. Chem. Commun., 47(4), 1234-1236. doi:10.1039/c0cc03659eQin, A., Lam, J. W. Y., Tang, L., Jim, C. K. W., Zhao, H., Sun, J., & Tang, B. Z. (2009). Polytriazoles with Aggregation-Induced Emission Characteristics: Synthesis by Click Polymerization and Application as Explosive Chemosensors. Macromolecules, 42(5), 1421-1424. doi:10.1021/ma8024706Kumar, A., Pandey, M. K., Anandakathir, R., Mosurkal, R., Parmar, V. S., Watterson, A. C., & Kumar, J. (2010). Sensory response of pegylated and siloxanated 4,8-dimethylcoumarins: A fluorescence quenching study by nitro aromatics. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 147(1), 105-110. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2010.02.004Nguyen, H. H., Li, X., Wang, N., Wang, Z. Y., Ma, J., Bock, W. J., & Ma, D. (2009). Fiber-Optic Detection of Explosives Using Readily Available Fluorescent Polymers. Macromolecules, 42(4), 921-926. doi:10.1021/ma802460qAlbert, K. J., & Walt, D. R. (2000). High-Speed Fluorescence Detection of Explosives-like Vapors. Analytical Chemistry, 72(9), 1947-1955. doi:10.1021/ac991397wGao, D., Wang, Z., Liu, B., Ni, L., Wu, M., & Zhang, Z. (2008). Resonance Energy Transfer-Amplifying Fluorescence Quenching at the Surface of Silica Nanoparticles toward Ultrasensitive Detection of TNT. Analytical Chemistry, 80(22), 8545-8553. doi:10.1021/ac8014356Fang, Q., Geng, J., Liu, B., Gao, D., Li, F., Wang, Z., … Zhang, Z. (2009). Inverted Opal Fluorescent Film Chemosensor for the Detection of Explosive Nitroaromatic Vapors through Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer. Chemistry - A European Journal, 15(43), 11507-11514. doi:10.1002/chem.200901488Geng, J., Liu, P., Liu, B., Guan, G., Zhang, Z., & Han, M.-Y. (2010). A Reversible Dual-Response Fluorescence Switch for the Detection of Multiple Analytes. Chemistry - A European Journal, 16(12), 3720-3727. doi:10.1002/chem.200902721Yang, J., Aschemeyer, S., Martinez, H. P., & Trogler, W. C. (2010). Hollow silica nanospheres containing a silafluorene–fluorene conjugated polymer for aqueous TNT and RDX detection. Chemical Communications, 46(36), 6804. doi:10.1039/c0cc01906bFeng, J., Li, Y., & Yang, M. (2010). Conjugated polymer-grafted silica nanoparticles for the sensitive detection of TNT. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 145(1), 438-443. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2009.12.056Tao, S., Shi, Z., Li, G., & Li, P. (2006). Hierarchically Structured Nanocomposite Films as Highly Sensitive Chemosensory Materials for TNT Detection. ChemPhysChem, 7(9), 1902-1905. doi:10.1002/cphc.200600185Tao, S., Yin, J., & Li, G. (2008). High-performance TNT chemosensory materials based on nanocomposites with bimodal porous structures. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 18(40), 4872. doi:10.1039/b802486cTao, S., Li, G., & Zhu, H. (2006). Metalloporphyrins as sensing elements for the rapid detection of trace TNT vapor. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 16(46), 4521. doi:10.1039/b606061gTao, S., & Li, G. (2007). Porphyrin-doped mesoporous silica films for rapid TNT detection. Colloid and Polymer Science, 285(7), 721-728. doi:10.1007/s00396-007-1643-7Yildirim, A., Budunoglu, H., Deniz, H., O. Guler, M., & Bayindir, M. (2010). Template-Free Synthesis of Organically Modified Silica Mesoporous Thin Films for TNT Sensing. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2(10), 2892-2897. doi:10.1021/am100568cLi, H., Wang, J., Pan, Z., Cui, L., Xu, L., Wang, R., … Jiang, L. (2011). Amplifying fluorescence sensing based on inverse opal photonic crystal toward trace TNT detection. J. Mater. Chem., 21(6), 1730-1735. doi:10.1039/c0jm02554bTao, S., Li, G., & Yin, J. (2007). Fluorescent nanofibrous membranes for trace detection of TNT vapor. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 17(26), 2730. doi:10.1039/b618122hNaddo, T., Che, Y., Zhang, W., Balakrishnan, K., Yang, X., Yen, M., … Zang, L. (2007). Detection of Explosives with a Fluorescent Nanofibril Film. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 129(22), 6978-6979. doi:10.1021/ja070747qContent, S., Trogler, W. C., & Sailor, M. J. (2000). Detection of Nitrobenzene, DNT, and TNT Vapors by Quenching of Porous Silicon Photoluminescence. Chemistry - A European Journal, 6(12), 2205-2213. doi:10.1002/1521-3765(20000616)6:123.0.co;2-aKang, J., Ding, L., Lü, F., Zhang, S., & Fang, Y. (2006). Dansyl-based fluorescent film sensor for nitroaromatics in aqueous solution. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 39(23), 5097-5102. doi:10.1088/0022-3727/39/23/030Zhang, S., Lü, F., Gao, L., Ding, L., & Fang, Y. (2007). Fluorescent Sensors for Nitroaromatic Compounds Based on Monolayer Assembly of Polycyclic Aromatics. Langmuir, 23(3), 1584-1590. doi:10.1021/la062773sHe, G., Zhang, G., Lü, F., & Fang, Y. (2009). Fluorescent Film Sensor for Vapor-Phase Nitroaromatic Explosives via Monolayer Assembly of Oligo(diphenylsilane) on Glass Plate Surfaces. Chemistry of Materials, 21(8), 1494-1499. doi:10.1021/cm900013fGoodpaster, J. V., & McGuffin, V. L. (2001). Fluorescence Quenching as an Indirect Detection Method for Nitrated Explosives. Analytical Chemistry, 73(9), 2004-2011. doi:10.1021/ac001347nHughes, A. D., Glenn, I. C., Patrick, A. D., Ellington, A., & Anslyn, E. V. (2008). A Pattern Recognition Based Fluorescence Quenching Assay for the Detection and Identification of Nitrated Explosive Analytes. Chemistry - A European Journal, 14(6), 1822-1827. doi:10.1002/chem.200701546Malashikhin, S., & Finney, N. S. (2008). Fluorescent Signaling Based on Sulfoxide Profluorophores: Application to the Visual Detection of the Explosive TATP. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 130(39), 12846-12847. doi:10.1021/ja802989vFocsaneanu, K.-S., & Scaiano, J. C. (2005). Potential analytical applications of differential fluorescence quenching: pyrene monomer and excimer emissions as sensors for electron deficient molecules. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 4(10), 817. doi:10.1039/b505249aLee, Y. H., Liu, H., Lee, J. Y., Kim, S. H., Kim, S. K., Sessler, J. L., … Kim, J. S. (2010). Dipyrenylcalix[4]arene-A Fluorescence-Based Chemosensor for Trinitroaromatic Explosives. Chemistry - A European Journal, 16(20), 5895-5901. doi:10.1002/chem.200903439Jian, C., & Seitz, W. R. (1990). Membrane for in situ optical detection of organic nitro compounds based on fluorescence quenching. Analytica Chimica Acta, 237, 265-271. doi:10.1016/s0003-2670(00)83928-8Vijayakumar, C., Tobin, G., Schmitt, W., Kim, M.-J., & Takeuchi, M. (2010). Detection of explosive vapors with a charge transfer molecule: self-assembly assisted morphology tuning and enhancement in sensing efficiency. Chemical Communications, 46(6), 874. doi:10.1039/b921520dZyryanov, G. V., Palacios, M. A., & Anzenbacher, P. (2008). Simple Molecule-Based Fluorescent Sensors for Vapor Detection of TNT. Organic Letters, 10(17), 3681-3684. doi:10.1021/ol801030uCavaye, H., Shaw, P. E., Wang, X., Burn, P. L., Lo, S.-C., & Meredith, P. (2010). Effect of Dimensionality in Dendrimeric and Polymeric Fluorescent Materials for Detecting Explosives. Macromolecules, 43(24), 10253-10261. doi:10.1021/ma102369qPonnu, A., & Anslyn, E. V. (2010). A fluorescence-based cyclodextrin sensor to detect nitroaromatic explosives. Supramolecular Chemistry, 22(1), 65-71. doi:10.1080/10610270903378032Zhang, C., Che, Y., Yang, X., Bunes, B. R., & Zang, L. (2010). Organic nanofibrils based on linear carbazole trimer for explosive sensing. Chemical Communications, 46(30), 5560. doi:10.1039/c0cc01258kLi, Z., Dong, Y. Q., Lam, J. W. Y., Sun, J., Qin, A., Häußler, M., … Tang, B. Z. (2009). Functionalized Siloles: Versatile Synthesis, Aggregation-Induced Emission, and Sensory and Device Applications. Advanced Functional Materials, 19(6), 905-917. doi:10.1002/adfm.20

Communication in the context of foraging in African stingless bees

Mehr als 500 Arten eusozialer Stachelloser Bienen sind weltweit in den Tropen und Subtropen verbreitet. Dies ist die erste Studie, die die Kommunikation im Kontext des Fouragierens und der Nestverteidigung Afrikanischer Arten untersucht und damit zu einem besseren Verständnis der Kommunikation Stachelloser Bienen beiträgt. Es kann gezeigt werden, dass alle untersuchten Arten, vibratorische Signale im Kontext des Fouragierens produzieren. Die temporalen Muster der Signale von $\textit {Plebeina hildebrandi}$ sind entsprechend der Profitabilität von Futterquellen moduliert. Trophallaxis zwischen Fourageuren und Rekruten sowie die Fähigkeit Düfte zu erlernen und zu memorieren ergänzen das multimodale Kommunikationssystem. Darüber hinaus werden Thoraxvibrationen im Kontext der Nestverteidigung produziert. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen die Bedeutung des mechanischen Kommunikationskanals und öffnen den Weg für weitere Studien, die die Evolution des Kommunikationssystems Stachelloser Bienen ermöglichen