Brood parasitism is associated with increased bacterial contamination of host eggs: bacterial loads of host and parasitic eggs

Factors related to bacterial environment of nests are of primary interest for understanding the causes of embryo infection and the evolution of antimicrobial defensive traits in birds. Nest visitors such as parasites could act as vectors for bacteria and/or affect the hygienic conditions of nests and hence influence the nest bacterial environment. In the present study, we explored some predictions of this hypothetical scenario in the great spotted cuckoo (Clamator glandarius)-magpie (Pica pica) system of brood parasitism. Great spotted cuckoos visit the nests of their magpie hosts and frequently damage some of the host eggs when laying eggs or on subsequent visits. Therefore, it represents a good system for testing the effect of nest visitors on the bacterial environment of nests. In accordance with this hypothesis, we found that the bacterial load of magpie eggshells was greater in parasitized nests, which may suggest that brood parasitism increases the probability of bacterial infection of magpie eggs. Moreover, comparisons of bacterial loads of cuckoo and magpie eggs revealed that: (1) cuckoo eggshells harboured lower bacterial densities than those of their magpie hosts in the same nests and (2) the prevalence of bacteria inside unhatched eggs was higher for magpies than for great spotted cuckoos. These interspecific differences were predicted because brood parasitic eggs (but not host eggs) always experience the bacterial environments of parasitized nests. Therefore, the results obtained in the present study suggest that parasitic eggs are better adapted to environments with a high risk of bacterial contamination than those of their magpie hosts

Ectoparasite activity during incubation increases microbial growth on avian eggs

We thank Estefanía López for lab work, and Tomás Pérez-Contreras and Emilio Pagani-Núñez for facilitating collection of some of the flies used in manipulations. We also thank Ángela Martínez-García for help with management of ARISA data and Natalia Juárez and Deseada Parejo for the pictures of owls and roller clutches, respectively. We appreciate the comments provided by Dr. Adèle Mennerat and five anonymous referees on earlier versions of the manuscript.All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed.While direct detrimental effects of parasites on hosts are relatively well documented, other more subtle but potentially important effects of parasitism are yet unexplored. Biological activity of ectoparasites, apart from skin injuries and blood-feeding, often results in blood remains, or parasite faeces that accumulate and modify the host environment. In this way, ectoparasite activities and remains may increase nutrient availability that may favour colonization and growth of microorganisms including potential pathogens. Here, by the experimental addition of hematophagous flies (Carnus hemapterus, a common ectoparasite of birds) to nests of spotless starlings Sturnus unicolor during incubation, we explore this possible side effect of parasitism which has rarely, if ever, been investigated. Results show that faeces and blood remains from parasitic flies on spotless starling eggshells at the end of incubation were more abundant in experimental than in control nests. Moreover, eggshell bacterial loads of different groups of cultivable bacteria including potential pathogens, as well as species richness of bacteria in terms of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs), were also higher in experimental nests. Finally, we also found evidence of a link between eggshell bacterial loads and increased embryo mortality, which provides indirect support for a bacterial-mediated negative effect of ectoparasitism on host offspring. Trans-shell bacterial infection might be one of the main causes of embryo death and, consequently, this hitherto unnoticed indirect effect of ectoparasitism might be widespread in nature and could affect our understanding of ecology and evolution of host-parasite interactionsFinancial support was provided by Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad and FEDER (CGL2013-48193-C3-1-P, CGL2013-48193-C3-2-P), by JAE programme to DMG and MRR, and by Juan de la Cierva and Ramón y Cajal programmes to GT. All procedures were conducted under licence from the Environmental Department of the Regional Government of Andalucía, Spain (reference SGYB/FOA/AFR)

ZIP8 Zinc Transporter: Indispensable Role for Both Multiple-Organ Organogenesis and Hematopoiesis In Utero

Previously this laboratory characterized Slc39a8-encoded ZIP8 as a Zn2+/(HCO3–)2 symporter; yet, the overall physiological importance of ZIP8 at the whole-organism level remains unclear. Herein we describe the phenotype of the hypomorphic Slc39a8(neo/neo) mouse which has retained the neomycin-resistance gene in intron 3, hence causing significantly decreased ZIP8 mRNA and protein levels in embryo, fetus, placenta, yolk sac, and several tissues of neonates. The Slc39a8(neo) allele is associated with diminished zinc and iron uptake in mouse fetal fibroblast and liver-derived cultures; consequently, Slc39a8(neo/neo) newborns exhibit diminished zinc and iron levels in several tissues. Slc39a8(neo/neo) homozygotes from gestational day(GD)-11.5 onward are pale, growth-stunted, and die between GD18.5 and 48 h postnatally. Defects include: severely hypoplastic spleen; hypoplasia of liver, kidney, lung, and lower limbs. Histologically, Slc39a8(neo/neo) neonates show decreased numbers of hematopoietic islands in yolk sac and liver. Low hemoglobin, hematocrit, red cell count, serum iron, and total iron-binding capacity confirmed severe anemia. Flow cytometry of fetal liver cells revealed the erythroid series strikingly affected in the hypomorph. Zinc-dependent 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, required for heme synthesis, was not different between Slc39a8(+/+) and Slc39a8(neo/neo) offspring. To demonstrate further that the mouse phenotype is due to ZIP8 deficiency, we bred Slc39a8(+/neo) with BAC-transgenic BTZIP8-3 line (carrying three extra copies of the Slc39a8 allele); this cross generated viable Slc39a8(neo/neo)_BTZIP8-3(+/+) pups showing none of the above-mentioned congenital defects–proving Slc39a8(neo/neo) causes the described phenotype. Our study demonstrates that ZIP8-mediated zinc transport plays an unappreciated critical role during in utero and neonatal growth, organ morphogenesis, and hematopoiesis

Estimación de los costos de la tección de casos de tuberculosis: municipio Habana Vieja 2002

Fundamentos: El Programa de Control de Tuberculosis en Cuba ha logrado reducir significativamente la incidencia de casos en todas sus formas. Desde hace 5 años el municipio Habana Vieja ha mantenido la incidencia más alta de la provincia Ciudad de La Habana y una de las más altas del país. El objetivo del trabajo fue estimar el costo de la detección de casos de tuberculosis en el municipio Habana Vieja durante el año 2002. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de estimación de costos, con perspectiva social. Se estimaron costos de la detección de casos y sus partidas en instituciones de salud. Para pacientes con tos/expectoración > o igual 14 días (SR+14) se estimó el gasto de bolsillo y pérdidas monetarias por ausencias laborales. Los costos se expresaron en pesos cubanos equivalentes a dólares Americanos (1 CUC = 1 USD). Se obtuvo información de registros oficiales en instituciones de salud y entrevistas a trabajadores y SR+14. Resultados: En promedio el costo social de la detección de casos de tuberculosis para un SR+14 en CUC fue de 24,11 y el institucional de 12,55; la investigación clínica 0,37; la baciloscopía 2,25; el Cultivo 7,05; la radiografía de tórax 1,67; la notificación 3,07; y registro 0,36. Conclusiones: Los mayores costos se observaron en la realización de baciloscopías y cultivos; el salario y los reactivos fueron las partidas que más aportaron a ese costo

Estimación de los costos de la tección de casos de tuberculosis: municipio Habana Vieja 2002

Fundamentos: El Programa de Control de Tuberculosis en Cuba ha logrado reducir significativamente la incidencia de casos en todas sus formas. Desde hace 5 años el municipio Habana Vieja ha mantenido la incidencia más alta de la provincia Ciudad de La Habana y una de las más altas del país. El objetivo del trabajo fue estimar el costo de la detección de casos de tuberculosis en el municipio Habana Vieja durante el año 2002. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de estimación de costos, con perspectiva social. Se estimaron costos de la detección de casos y sus partidas en instituciones de salud. Para pacientes con tos/expectoración > o igual 14 días (SR+14) se estimó el gasto de bolsillo y pérdidas monetarias por ausencias laborales. Los costos se expresaron en pesos cubanos equivalentes a dólares Americanos (1 CUC = 1 USD). Se obtuvo información de registros oficiales en instituciones de salud y entrevistas a trabajadores y SR+14. Resultados: En promedio el costo social de la detección de casos de tuberculosis para un SR+14 en CUC fue de 24,11 y el institucional de 12,55; la investigación clínica 0,37; la baciloscopía 2,25; el Cultivo 7,05; la radiografía de tórax 1,67; la notificación 3,07; y registro 0,36. Conclusiones: Los mayores costos se observaron en la realización de baciloscopías y cultivos; el salario y los reactivos fueron las partidas que más aportaron a ese costo

Comparison of health-related quality of life among men with different co-existing severe mental disorders in treatment for substance use

Abstract Background Patient-perceived health-related quality of life has become an important outcome in health care as an indicator of treatment effectiveness and recovery for patients with substance use disorder. As no study has assessed health-related quality of life among male patients with substance use disorder and co-existing severe mental illness, we compared health-related quality of life among patients with substance use disorder and the following severe mental illness diagnosis in Barcelona, Spain: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and examined the associations with clinically related variables. Additionally, we compared results for health-related quality of life in patients with substance use disorder and severe mental illness, with Spanish population norms. Methods We assessed 107 substance use disorder male patients using the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey comparing results across three groups with: comorbid schizophrenia (n = 37), comorbid bipolar disorder (n = 34), and comorbid major depressive disorder (n = 36). Multiple analyses of variance were performed to explore health-related quality of life by the type of co-existing SMI and linear regression analyses examined clinical correlates for the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey dimensions for each group. Results There were differences in Physical Functioning, Vitality and the Physical Composite Scale among groups. Poorer Physical Functioning was observed for patients with comorbid schizophrenia (80.13±3.27) and major depressive disorder (81.97±3.11) compared with comorbid bipolar disorder patients (94.26±1.93). Patients with substance use disorder and schizophrenia presented lower scores in Vitality (41.6±2.80) than those with co-existing bipolar disorder (55.68±3.66) and major depressive disorder (53.63±2.92). Finally, results in the Physical Composite Scale showed lower scores for patients with comorbid schizophrenia (51.06±1.41) and major depressive disorder (51.99±1.87) than for those with bipolar disorder (60.40±2.17). Moreover, all groups had poorer health-related quality of life, especially Social Functioning, Role-Emotional and Mental Health, compared with population norms. Different clinical variables (e.g. medical disease comorbidity, severity of addiction, psychiatric symptomatology, suicide attempts, drug relapses) were related to different health-related quality of life dimensions depending on the co-existing severe mental illness. Conclusions Among male patients with substance use disorder, co-existing severe mental illness may influence some health-related quality of life dimensions and clinically related variables. Such differences may require tailored therapeutic interventions

El norte en la historia regional, siglos XVIII-XIX

El Norte en la Historia Regionales un libro que incluye once artículos, fruto de la investigación de especialistas peruanos y extranjeros que han abordado el tema. Los grandes tópicos que se analizan son la economía y sociedad entre fines del siglo xviii y el temprano siglo xix. Es decir, enfocan el período neurálgico del tránsito de la Colonia a la República