Sistemas de produção de feijão-caupi e mandioca na mesorregião Nordeste Paraense: análise econômica.

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Biosorption of fluoroquinolones by activated sludge and aerobic granules sludge

Oral communicationAntibiotic residues have been detected in various environmental matrices, such as surface water and even drinking water. Although present at low levels (μg/L, ng/L), many antibiotics are bioaccumulative, pseudo-persistent and can promote resistance/alterations in bacterial populations [1]. Recent studies on antibiotics removal by activated sludge (AS) and aerobic granules (AGS) show biosorption as the dominant process, determining the fate of these micropollutants [2-3]. In this work the biosorption of three widely used fluoroquinolones (FQ) - ofloxacin (OFL), norfloxacin (NOR) and ciprofloxacin (CPF) - to AS and AGS was evaluated. A High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection (HPLC-FD) method was validated and used to follow the biosorption of the target FQ. Data obtained in this study contribute to a better comprehension of FQ biosorption behavior in AS and AGS. At pH 7 AS showed better performance to biosorb OFL, NOR and CPF than AGS. The higher biosortion capacity of AS was probably due to the negative charge on its surface, evaluated by a zeta potential of -25.65 mV, at pH 7. OFL was the less biosorbed, both onto AS and AGS, because this FQ at pH 7 is mainly present in its anionic form. The equilibrium data for AS showed a better fit to the Langmuir model, while the model that presented better fit for AGS was the Freundlich model. The FQ could be desorbed from AGS at pH 3, pH 8 and pH 9 whereas at pH 4 the biosorption process was promoted

Novos clones de guaranazeiro para o Estado do Amazonas.

Esses novos clones de guaranazeiro, podem contribuir expressivamente para o desenvolvimento da cultura do guaraná, com aumento em quantidade e qualidade da produção estadual desse fruto, que é considerado de grande importância econômica e social na região.bitstream/CPAA-2009-09/7052/1/ComTec-8.pd

Remoção de fluoroquinolonas do ambiente: biossorção a lamas ativadas e a grânulos aeróbios

Diversas matrizes ambientais, particularmente águas residuais, têm revelado a presença de antibióticos. Embora presentes em níveis vestigiais (ng.L-1 a µg.L-1,), estes compostos são pseudo-persistentes e, naquelas concentrações, podem também promover resistências nas populações bacterianas [1]. Estudos recentes de remoção de antibióticos com lamas ativadas (AS) e grânulos aeróbios (AGS) mostram a biossorção como processo dominante e eficaz na remoção destes micropoluentes [2,3]. O presente trabalho explorou a biossorção de três fluoroquinolonas (FQ) - ofloxacina (OFL), norfloxacina (NOR) e ciprofloxacina (CPF) - a AS e AGS. Com vista a uma melhor compreensão dos fenómenos que ocorrem durante o processo, foram estudados diversos parâmetros que condicionam a biossorção. As AS demonstraram melhor desempenho na remoção da OFL, NOR e CPF relativamente aos AGS. No entanto, nas concentrações estudadas, não foi possível promover a remoção total dos fármacos. A capacidade mais elevada de biossorção das AS foi atribuída à carga negativa da superfície da biossorção, representada por um potencial zeta de -25,65 mV, a pH 7. A OFL foi a FQ menos removida, tanto pelas AS como pelos AGS, porque a OFL a pH 7 está principalmente presente na forma aniónica, com uma pequena percentagem, na forma zwiteriónica. Em AGS verifica-se um aumento da biossorção da OFL, NOR e CPF em pH ácido (pH 4) e maior dessorção em pH alcalino (pH 8 a 9). Observou-se também que ocorre a destruição da estrutura granular dos AGS quando o pH do meio é igual ou inferior a 3. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo contribuem para uma utilização mais eficaz de AS e AGS na remoção de antibióticos fluoroquinolonas do ambiente

Clinical and genetic factors predicting response to therapy in patients with Crohn's disease

AIM:To identify clinical and/or genetic predictors of response to several therapies in Crohn's disease (CD) patients. METHODS:We included 242 patients with CD (133 females) aged (mean ± standard deviation) 39 ± 12 years and a disease duration of 12 ± 8 years. The single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) studied were ABCB1 C3435T and G2677T/A, IL23R G1142A, C2370A, and G9T, CASP9 C93T, Fas G670A and LgC844T, and ATG16L1 A898G. Genotyping was performed with real-time PCR with Taqman probes. RESULTS:Older patients responded better to 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and to azathioprine (OR 1.07, p = 0.003 and OR 1.03, p = 0.01, respectively) while younger ones responded better to biologicals (OR 0.95, p = 0.06). Previous surgery negatively influenced response to 5-ASA compounds (OR 0.25, p = 0.05), but favoured response to azathioprine (OR 2.1, p = 0.04). In respect to genetic predictors, we observed that heterozygotes for ATGL16L1 SNP had a significantly higher chance of responding to corticosteroids (OR 2.51, p = 0.04), while homozygotes for Casp9 C93T SNP had a lower chance of responding both to corticosteroids and to azathioprine (OR 0.23, p = 0.03 and OR 0.08, p = 0.02,). TT carriers of ABCB1 C3435T SNP had a higher chance of responding to azathioprine (OR 2.38, p = 0.01), while carriers of ABCB1 G2677T/A SNP, as well as responding better to azathioprine (OR 1.89, p = 0.07), had a lower chance of responding to biologicals (OR 0.31, p = 0.07), which became significant after adjusting for gender (OR 0.75, p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS:In the present study, we were able to identify a number of clinical and genetic predictors of response to several therapies which may become of potential utility in clinical practice. These are preliminary results that need to be replicated in future pharmacogenomic studies

Novos clones de guaranazeiro para o Estado do Amazonas.

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Chemical and Microbiological Contamination in Limpet (Patella spp.) of the Portuguese Coast

Coastal production areas can be impacted by anthropogenic contamination from urban, agro-industrial and leisure activities. Some contaminants, such as chemical substances might also have a telluric origin. Non filter feeding univalve mollusks, such as limpets, which are collected in rocky shores either for sale or for auto-consumption, are very appreciated in Portugal, but have been excluded from provisions on the classification of production areas, although can present relevant contamination. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the microbiological and toxic metal contaminations in limpets (Patella spp) of the Portuguese coast, taking into account the production area and seasonal variation, and comparing their contamination levels with those occurring in bivalve mollusk indicator species, mussel (Mytilus edulis). The risks associated to the consumption of limpet meals were also assessed. For that, microbial total and fecal levels and cadmium, lead and mercury contents in limpets and mussels samples from three coastal areas over several months were analyzed based on standard methodologies. Contents of mercury and lead in limpets from the three areas studied, were always below the limits of 0.50 mg kg-1 and 1.5 mg kg-1 allowed by the EU, respectively. Regarding cadmium, levels in limpet were always above the limit of 1.0 mg kg-1, reaching about 3.0 mg kg-1 in some samples. These values probably indicate contamination from telluric origin (soil or rocks) in the coastal studied areas. Results indicated that microbiological contamination of fecal origin was low and in general below the detection level. Contamination levels did not show a clear seasonal pattern. The two mollusk species, limpets and mussels, differed statistically in all contaminants analyzed, being cadmium the most of concern, and always higher in limpets than in mussel samples. Thus, the potential risk associated with limpet consumption, taking into account the cadmium tolerable weekly intake (TWI), was investigated, being possible to reach a reliable recommendation of less than a monthly meal of 160 g. As recreational picking of limpets is common in Portugal, official 4recommendations of maximum periodic human consumption should be published and enforcement increased in forbidden areasinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

OS NÚCLEOS VASOMOTORES DO BULBO E A REGULAÇÃO CARDIOVASCULAR: NOVAS EVIDÊNCIAS E NOVAS QUESTÕES

More than 30 years ago a model was proposed trying to explain how the central nervous system controls the cardiovascular adjustments. According to this model the medullary vasomotor nuclei are the main structures involved in the cardiovascular reflex control. It also shows the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) as being the first integrative center for the baroceptors afferents and the descending pathways from supramedullary nuclei of hypothalamus, which contribute at defense and alert reactions. The NTS exhibits excitatory projections to the caudal ventral lateral medulla (CVL) which inhibits the rostral ventral lateral medulla (RVL). The RVL is the main source of excitatory inputs to the sympathetic preganglionic neurons, being responsible for the sympathetic tonus to heart and blood vessels. Important projections from CVL to diencephalon structures (Median preoptic nucleus, Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, Supraoptic nucleus) also play an important role in the control of the extracellular compartment composition and volume. The gigantocellular depressor area (GiDA) is likely to be another vasomotor center involved in blood flow adjustments through direct projections to Preganglionic Sympathetic Neurons (SPN). How GiDA mediates its vasodepressor effects is unknown. In the last 10 years we have been studying the pathways and neural mechanisms related to muscle and visceral blood flow regulation. Obtained data are not compatible with the proposed model.Há mais de 30 anos foi proposto um modelo para explicar como o sistema nervoso central promove a regulação do sistema cardiovascular, onde os núcleos vasomotores do bulbo seriam as principais estruturas envolvidas no controle do reflexo cardiovascular. Segundo este modelo, o núcleo do trato solitário (NTS) é o primeiro núcleo a integrar as informações cardiovasculares vindas dos baroceptores e também parece integrar vias descendentes provenientes de núcleos superiores como o hipotálamo, importantes para as reações de alerta e defesa. Do NTS saem projeções excitatórias para a região caudoventrolateral (CVL) do bulbo, a qual inibe a região rostroventrolateral (RVL). Esta última região constitui a principal fonte de eferências excitatórias para os neurônios simpáticos pré-ganglionares (SPN), sendo responsável pelo tonus simpático para o coração e vasos. Projeções importantes do CVL para estruturas diencefálicas (núcleo preóptico mediano, núcleo paraventricular do hipotálamo e núcleo supraóptico) também estão envolvidas no controle da composição e/ou volume do compartimento extracelular. A área depressora gigantocelular (GiDA) constitui outro  possível centro vasomotor envolvido nos ajustes de fluxo sangüíneo por meio de projeções diretas para o SPN. No entanto, o meio pelo qual a GiDA exerce seu efeito vasodepressor ainda é desconhecido. Nos últimos 10 anos, nosso laboratório tem se dedicado a deslindar as vias e mecanismos neurais associados à regulação do fluxo sangüíneo visceral e muscular. Resultados obtidos ao longo destes estudos resultaram em evidências que são incompatíveis com o modelo proposto

Efferent Pathways in Sodium Overload-Induced Renal Vasodilation in Rats

Hypernatremia stimulates the secretion of oxytocin (OT), but the physiological role of OT remains unclear. the present study sought to determine the involvement of OT and renal nerves in the renal responses to an intravenous infusion of hypertonic saline. Male Wistar rats (280-350 g) were anesthetized with sodium thiopental (40 mg. kg(-1), i.v.). A bladder cannula was implanted for collection of urine. Animals were also instrumented for measurement of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and renal blood flow (RBF). Renal vascular conductance (RVC) was calculated as the ratio of RBF by MAP. in anesthetized rats (n = 6), OT infusion (0.03 mu g . kg(-1), i.v.) induced renal vasodilation. Consistent with this result, ex vivo experiments demonstrated that OT caused renal artery relaxation. Blockade of OT receptors (OXTR) reduced these responses to OT, indicating a direct effect of this peptide on OXTR on this artery. Hypertonic saline (3 M NaCl, 1.8 ml . kg(-1) b.wt., i.v.) was infused over 60 s. in sham rats (n = 6), hypertonic saline induced renal vasodilation. the OXTR antagonist (AT; atosiban, 40 mu g . kg(-1) . h(-1), i.v.; n = 7) and renal denervation (RX) reduced the renal vasodilation induced by hypernatremia. the combination of atosiban and renal denervation (RX+AT; n = 7) completely abolished the renal vasodilation induced by sodium overload. Intact rats excreted 51% of the injected sodium within 90 min. Natriuresis was slightly blunted by atosiban and renal denervation (42% and 39% of load, respectively), whereas atosiban with renal denervation reduced sodium excretion to 16% of the load. These results suggest that OT and renal nerves are involved in renal vasodilation and natriuresis induced by acute plasma hypernatremia.Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Goias (FAPEG)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Univ Fed Goias, Ctr Neurosci & Cardiovasc Physiol, Inst Biol Sci, Dept Physiol Sci, Goiania, Go, BrazilUniv Fed Uberlandia, Fac Phys Educ, Inst Biol Sci, BR-38400 Uberlandia, MG, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Physiol, São Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Goias, Inst Biol Sci, Mol Biol Lab, Goiania, Go, BrazilUniv Fed Goias, Inst Biol Sci, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Goiania, Go, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Physiol, São Paulo, BrazilFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Goias (FAPEG): 2012/0055431086Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Goias (FAPEG): 2009/10267000352CNPq: 477832/2010-5CNPq: 483411/2012-4Web of Scienc