Mental well-being at work : Support and protective factors of work engagement and work-life balance in contemporary working life

Background: The promotion of mental well-being at work, including work engagement and work-life balance, is a top priority for organizations worldwide. Organizations are likely to benefit from prioritizing mental well-being at work in several ways. Besides contributing to a health-promoting society, it can enhance organizational productivity. In addition, contemporary worldwide trends, including globalization, the rapid technological advancement, and an increasingly diverse workforce change not only the nature of work tasks but also the terms and conditions of working life, which inevitably put pressure on workers and raise concerns about their mental wellbeing at work. As the previously tributed Nordic welfare model is increasingly contested, this applies to the Finnish working life as well, warranting research on the support and protective factors of mental well-being at work. Aim: To examine psychosocial factors that are associated with mental well-being at work, particularly with work engagement and work-life balance, to examine whether these two aspects of mental well-being are associated, and to gather the evidence base for the effectiveness of interventions focused on promoting work engagement by developing workplace resources from bottom-up. Methods: This thesis constitutes four separate studies. Studies 1–3 were based on data from two different population-based, cross-sectional interview survey studies. Studies 1 and 2 were based on sub-data from the Statistics Finland’s 2018 Quality of Work Life Survey (QWLS; OSF, 2018). Specific inclusion criteria were applied in both studies to meet the study aim, resulting in a sample constituting N=1431 respondents in Study 1 and N=3790 respondents in Study 2. Logistic regression (Odds Ratios, 95 % confidence intervals) was used to analyze the data in these two studies. Study 3 (N=35401), in turn, utilized sub-data from the European Working Conditions Survey 2015 (EWCS, 2015), and data were analyzed using multilevel regression modelling. Study 4 was a systematic review and meta-analysis. Systematic searches were conducted in multiple online databases. Publication year range was 2000–2020. Eligibility criteria were defined, for example specifying that the interventions had to aim at promoting work engagement by developing workplace resources from bottom-up. A meta-analysis was conducted on a sub-set of the included studies. Results: Key findings from Studies 1–3 in this thesis highlight that support and protective factors of mental well-being at work go beyond individual factors, as they also include psychosocial factors in the family and work settings, as well as socio-economic factors in the country and welfare regime settings. An important contribution of Study 3 was the demonstrated positive association between work engagement and work-life balance at the European level. Further, levels of work engagement and work-life balance were generally high among the studied workers in the Finnish (Studies 1 and 2) and in broader terms – Nordic and European (Study 3) – welfare contexts. While this supports the continued use of a universal working life model in the Nordic welfare states, part of the findings in Studies 1 and 2 demonstrated that the model fails to deliver on its promises, particularly promises of an equal working life for men and women. At the same time, a key finding of Study 4 was that a standardized, universal approach is to prefer over a tailored approach in bottom-up interventions specifically aimed at promoting work engagement. The meta-analysis in Study 4 was based on 24 studies and showed a small but promising intervention effect on work engagement. Conclusion: Taken together, the findings of this thesis make clear that a system-oriented thinking is needed, in which factors at multiple levels are considered in the promotion of mental well-being at work. This means that not only background, psychological, and psychosocial factors in the work setting should be considered in research on mental well-being at work, but also psychosocial factors in the family setting as well as overarching, contextual factors in the socio-economic setting. The findings also stress the need for research to go beyond the traditional focus on negative aspects of mental well-being at work, to also include positive aspects. Further, the results demonstrated in this thesis advocate the use of an integrative perspective, as this can further our understanding of mental well-being at work and how it is best supported and protected in contemporary working life.Bakgrund: Främjandet av psykiskt välbefinnande på arbetsplatsen, inklusive arbetsengagemang och balansen mellan arbetsliv och övrigt liv, prioriteras av organisationer världen över. Organisationer kan vinna på att prioritera psykiskt välbefinnande på arbetsplatsen på många sätt. Förutom att det kan bidra till ett hälsofrämjande samhälle, kan det också leda till ökad produktivitet. Pågående globala trender, inklusive globalisering, snabb teknologisk utveckling och en alltmer mångfaldig arbetskraft håller dessutom på att förändra arbetsuppgifters natur, arbetsvillkor och -förhållanden, som oundvikligen sätter press på arbetstagare och skapar oro kring deras psykiska välbefinnande på arbetsplatsen. Eftersom den tidigare prisade nordiska välfärdsmodellen alltmer ifrågasätts, gäller detta även det finländska arbetslivet, vilket skapar ett behov av forskning om stöd- och skyddsfaktorer för psykiskt välbefinnande på arbetsplatsen. Syfte: Att undersöka sambandet mellan psykosociala faktorer och psykiskt välbefinnande på arbetsplatsen, särskilt arbetsengagemang och balansen mellan arbetsliv och övrigt liv, att undersöka om det finns ett samband mellan dessa två aspekter av psykiskt välbefinnande, och att samla evidens för effektiviteten i interventioner fokuserade på att främja arbetsengagemang genom att utveckla arbetsplatsresurser nerifrån och upp. Metod: Avhandlingen består av fyra separata studier. I Studierna 1–3 användes intervjuenkätdata från två olika populationsbaserade, tvärsnittsstudier. Studierna 1 och 2 baserades på data från den upprepade Arbetsmiljöundersökningen i Finland (QWLS) insamlat år 2018. I bägge studier användes specifika inkluderingskriterier som gick i linje med syftet, vilket resulterade i ett sampel bestående av N=1431 respondenter i Studie 1 och N=3790 respondenter i Studie 2. Logistisk regressionsanalys (Oddskvoter, 95 % konfidensintervall) användes för att analysera data i dessa två studier. I Studie 3 användes data från den upprepade enkäten om arbetsförhållanden i Europa (EWCS) insamlat år 2015. Även här användes specifika inkluderingskriterier, vilket resulterade i ett sampel bestående av N=35401 respondenter. Data analyserades med hjälp av multinivå regressionsmodellering i denna studie. Studie 4 var en systematisk översikt och meta-analys. Systematiska sökningar genomfördes i flera olika digitala databaser. Publikationerna behövde vara från åren 2000–2020 för att inkluderas. Det fanns även en rad inkluderingskriterier, till exempel specificerades det att interventionerna behövde vara ämnade att främja arbetsengagemang genom att utveckla arbetsplatsresurser nerifrån och upp. En meta-analys genomfördes på basis av en del av de inkluderade studierna. Resultat: Nyckelresultaten från Studierna 1–3 i den här avhandlingen belyser att stöd- och skyddsfaktorer för psykiskt välbefinnande på arbetsplatsen inkluderar andra faktorer än enbart individuella faktorer, såsom psykosociala faktorer i familje- och arbetsmiljön, socio-ekonomiska faktorer i den nationella kontexten och välfärdsregimskontexten. Ett viktigt bidrag i Studie 3 var att ett positivt samband mellan arbetsengagemang och balansen mellan arbetsliv och övrigt liv kunde konstateras på europeisk nivå. Vidare var nivåer av arbetsengagemang och balansen mellan arbetsliv och övrigt liv generellt sätt höga hos de studerade arbetstagarna i den finländska (Studierna 1 och 2) och i bredare termer – nordiska och europeiska (Studie 3) – välfärdskontexten. Medan detta stöder det fortsatta användandet av en universell arbetslivsmodell i de nordiska välfärdsstaterna, pekar en del av resultaten i Studierna 1 och 2 på att modellen misslyckas med att leverera vad den lovat, särskilt gällande lovorden om ett jämställt arbetsliv för män och kvinnor. Samtidigt är ett av nyckelresultaten i Studie 4 att ett standardiserat, universellt angreppssätt är att föredra framom skräddarsydda angreppssätt i interventioner vars fokus är att främja arbetsengagemang nerifrån och upp. Meta-analysen i Studie 4 baserade sig på 24 studier och visade en liten men lovande interventionseffekt i termerna av ökat arbetsengagemang. Konklusion: Sammantaget visar resultaten av denna avhandling att ett system-orienterat tänkande behövs, där faktorer på flera nivåer beaktas i främjandet av psykiskt välbefinnande på arbetsplatsen. Det här betyder att inte bara bakgrundsfaktorer, psykologiska faktorer och psykosociala faktorer i arbetskontexten bör beaktas, utan även psykosociala faktorer i familjemiljön och övergripande, kontextuella faktorer i den socio-ekonomiska miljön. Resultaten betonar också behovet av forskning som sträcker sig längre än till det traditionella fokuset på negativa aspekter av psykiskt välbefinnande på arbetsplatsen, det vill säga framtida forskning bör också inkludera positiva aspekter. Vidare förespråkas ett integrativt perspektiv på basis av resultaten av den här avhandlingen, eftersom detta kan utveckla vår förståelse för psykiskt välbefinnande på arbetsplatsen och hur det bäst kan stödas och skyddas i det samtida arbetslivet.Tausta: Organisaatiot ympäri maailmaa pitävät tärkeänä työhyvinvoinnin edistämistä, mukaan lukien työn imua ja työn ja muun elämän yhteensovittamista. Organisaatioiden investoinnit työhyvinvoinnin edistämiseen voivat olla kannattavavia monin eri tavoin. Tämä ei pelkästään ole tapa organisaatiolle osallistua hyvinvoivan yhteiskunnan rakentamiseen vaan myös tapa lisätä tehokkuutta omassa toiminnassaan. Tämän lisäksi maailman – ja työn – murros, mukaan lukien globalisaatio, teknologinen myllerrys ja yhä monipuolisempi työvoima, muuttaa työtehtävien tekoa, työehtoja ja työolosuhteita. Työn murros tuo väistämättä lisäpaineita työntekijöille ja se, miten nämä vaikuttavat heidän työhyvinvointiinsa, herättää huolta. Pohjoismainen hyvinvointimalli on aikaisemmin ollut hyvin kehuttu, mutta sen toimivuus on yhä enemmän kyseenalaistettu työn murroksessa. Tästä syntyy tarve tutkia työn voimavaroja, jotka vähentävät työn vaatimuksia ja tukevat psyykkistä työhyvinvointia. Tavoitteet: Tutkia yhteys psykososiaalisten tekijöiden ja psyykkisen työhyvinvoinnin välillä. Tutkimus keskittyi erityisesti kahteen työhyvinvoinnin tekijään: työn imuun ja työn ja muun elämän yhteensovittamiseen. Tämän lisäksi tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tutkia, mikäli näiden tekijöiden välillä on yhteys. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli myös koota tutkimuksesta syntyneitä todisteita tehokkuudesta interventioissa, joissa työn imua edistetään voimavarojen avulla ja joissa voimavarat rakennetaan alhaalta ylös. Menetelmät: Väitöskirja sisältää neljä yksittäistä tutkimusta. Kolmessa ensimmäisessä tutkimuksessa käytettiin kahden eri haastattelukyselyn tietoja, joissa eri väestöpohja; poikkileikkaustutkimuksena. Kaksi ensimmäistä perustuivat vuonna 2018 tehtyyn suomalaiseen työolotutkimukseen (QWLS). Molemmissa tutkimuksissa käytettiin tavoitteiden mukaisia soveltuvuuskriteerejä, joiden tuloksena oli 1431 osallistujasta koostuva otos ensimmäisessä tutkimuksessa, ja 3790 osallistujasta koostuva otos toisessa tutkimuksessa. Logistista regressioanalyysia (todennäköisyyksien suhde, 95 % luottamusväli) käytettiin analysoimaan dataa molemmissa tutkimuksissa. Kolmas tutkimus perustui vuonna 2015 tehtyyn eurooppalaiseen työolotutkimukseen (EWCS). Tavoitteiden mukaisia soveltuvuuskriteerejä käytettiin myös tässä tutkimuksessa, jonka tuloksena oli 35401 osallistujasta koostuva otos. Data analysoitiin monitasoisten regressiomallien avulla. Neljäs tutkimus oli systemaattinen kirjallisuuskatsaus ja meta-analyysi. Systemaattinen tiedonhaku suoritettiin moni eri digitaalisissa tietokannoissa. Julkaisut vuosista 2000–2020 otetiin mukaan katsaukseen. Erilaiset soveltuvuuskriteerit olivat määriteltyjä, joiden mukaan esimerkiksi interventioiden tavoitteet täyttyivät olla työn imun edistämistä alhaalta ylös rakennettujen voimavarojen avulla. Osa mukana olleista tutkimuksista sisältyivät meta-analyysiin. Tulokset: Avaintulokset väitöskirjan kolmessa ensimmäisessä tutkimuksessa havainnollistavat, että työhyvinvoinnin voimavaroja sisällyttävät myös muut tekijät kuin tekijät yksilön tasolla, esimerkiksi psykososiaaliset tekijät perheja työympäristössä, sosioekonomiset tekijät kansallis- ja hyvinvointivaltiomallin tasolla. Kolmannessa tutkimuksessa ilmeni tärkeä löytö: työn imu ja työn ja muu elämän yhteensovittamisen välillä on yhteys Eurooppa tasolla. Lisäksi tutkimus osoitti, että tutkittujen suomalaisten (tutkimus 1 ja 2) ja laajemmin ottaen – pohjoismaiden ja eurooppalaisten (tutkimus 3) – työntekijöiden työn imu ja työn ja muun elämän yhteensovittaminen olivat korkeatasoisia. Nämä tulokset tukevat yleismaailmallisen työelämämallin jatkuvaa käyttöä Pohjoisissa hyvinvointivaltioissa. Samaan aikaan osa tuloksia ensimmäisessä ja toisessa tutkimuksessa osoittavat, että malli ei ole tuottanut lupauksiensa mukaisesti, erityisesti lupaukset koskien tasa-arvoista työelämää. Neljännen tutkimuksen avaintulos on myös, että standardoitu, yleismaailmallinen lähestymistapa on suositeltava räätälöityjen ratkaisujen sijaan interventioissa, joissa työn imua edistetään alhaalta ylös. Meta-analyysi neljännessä tutkimuksessa perustui 24 tutkimukseen ja osoitti pientä mutta lupaavaa interventiotehokkuutta työn imun merkeissä. Johtopäätökset: Yleisesti ottaen väitöskirjan tulokset osoittavat, että on tarve systeemiorientoidusta ajattelutavasta, jossa monitasoiset tekijät otetaan huomioon psyykkisen työhyvinvoinnin edistämisessä. Tämä tarkoittaa, että ei pelkästään taustatekijöitä, psykologisia tekijöitä ja psykososiaalisia tekijöitä työympäristössä oteta huomioon, vaan myös psykososiaalisia tekijöitä perheympäristössä sekä laajoja, sosioekonomisia tekijöitä. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa nousi esiin, että tutkimustarve on perinteisen keskittymisen työhyvinvoinnin negatiivisiin osa-alueihin laajempi, tulevaisuudessa tutkimuksen täytyy myös sisällyttää myönteisiä osa-alueita. Tämän väitöskirjan tuloksen pohjalta voidaan kannattaa integratiivista näkökulmaa, sen avulla meidän ymmärryksemme nykyisen työelämän työhyvinvoinnista, sen edistämisestä ja turvaamisesta voi kehittyä

Entangling macroscopic diamonds at room temperature: Bounds on the continuous-spontaneous-localization parameters

A recent experiment [K. C. Lee et al., Science 334, 1253 (2011)] succeeded in detecting entanglement between two macroscopic specks of diamonds, separated by a macroscopic distance, at room temperature. This impressive results is a further confirmation of the validity of quantum theory in (at least parts of) the mesoscopic and macroscopic domain, and poses a challenge to collapse models, which predict a violation of the quantum superposition principle, which is the bigger the larger the system. We analyze the experiment in the light of such models. We will show that the bounds placed by experimental data are weaker than those coming from matter-wave interferometry and non-interferometric tests of collapse models.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, v2: close to the published version, LaTe

Examining the efficacy of a genotyping-by-sequencing technique for population genetic analysis of the mushroom Laccaria bicolor and evaluating whether a reference genome is necessary to assess homology

Given the diversity and ecological importance of Fungi, there is a lack of population genetic research on these organisms. The reason for this can be explained in part by their cryptic nature and difficulty in identifying genets. In addition the difficulty (relative to plants and animals) in developing molecular markers for fungal population genetics contributes to the lack of research in this area. This study examines the ability of restriction-site associated DNA (RAD) sequencing to generate SNPs in Laccaria bicolor. Eighteen samples of morphologically identified L. bicolor from the United States and Europe were selected for this project. The RAD sequencing method produced anywhere from 290 000 to more than 3 000 000 reads. Mapping these reads to the genome of L. bicolor resulted in 84 000-940 000 unique reads from individual samples. Results indicate that incorporation of non-L. bicolor taxa into the analysis resulted in a precipitous drop in shared loci among samples, suggests the potential of these methods to identify cryptic species. F-statistics were easily calculated, although an observable "noise" was detected when using the "All Loci" treatment versus filtering loci to those present in at least 50% of the individuals. The data were analyzed with tests of Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium, population genetic statistics (FIS and FST), and population structure analysis using the program Structure. The results provide encouraging feedback regarding the potential utility of these methods and their data for population genetic analysis. We were unable to draw conclusions of life history of L. bicolor populations from this dataset, given the small sample size. The results of this study indicate the potential of these methods to address population genetics and general life history questions in the Agaricales. Further research is necessary to explore the specific application of these methods in the Agaricales or other fungal groups

16-The Indian and the Prairie: Prehistoric and Early Historic Utilization of Native Grassland Environments in Kalamazoo County) Michigan, with Emphasis on Gourd-Neck Prairie in Schoolcraft Township. Project No. S85-212

With grant support from the National Park Service, Department of the Interior, administered by the Bureau of History, Michigan Department of State, a team of archaeologists from Western Michigan University has undertaken a program of fieldwork (with appropriate literature search and review of the documents) to identify archaeological sites and ascertain the nature of the activity conducted from them in an attempt to explain the nature of the relationship between the native inhabitants of Kalamazoo County and the former grassland environments that occurred here. A review of the relevant literature prior to initiating a program of survey on Gourd-Neck Prairie in southern Kalamazoo County during Spring 1985, strongly suggested that contact period village sites and prehistoric works including mounds, earthen enclosures, and garden beds were associated with the former prairies in the county. However, reconnaissance level survey work undertaken in 1979 on Gull and Toland\u27s prairies by teams of experienced surveyors had resulted in confirmation of a single previously recorded site and the discovery of no new sites; albeit surveyors systematically evaluated more than 5.4 km2 of farmland affording excellent conditions of surface visibility. Before concluding that the documents provided by early American residents were inaccurate or incorrect, a more vigorous test of the hypothesis that Indians intensively occupied the prairies prior to American settlement of the county was required. Gourd-Neck Prairie in Schoolcraft Township {T4S RllW) was selected for several reasons: (l) the prairie is reported to have encompassed slightly more than 10 km2 , making a target of 100% surveyor coverage attainable with a small field party and a brief period in which to accomplish the fieldwork; (2) the personnel participating in the project were already familiar with the area, having established important landowner and collector contacts during the 1982 and 1984 field seasons; and (3) the former prairie was now characterized by extensive commercial farming operations, providing for anticipated surface visibility that would be excellent for a program of research employing surface reconnaissance procedures to record archaeological observations. During a two week period in Spring 1985, a team of three surveyors evaluated 818 ha (2022 acres) or 81% of the area formerly supporting prairie vegetation. In addition, we surveyed 319 ha (788 acres) in adjacent areas that formerly supported oak savanna and bur oak openings. Fourteen new sites were recorded, and four previously recorded sites were revisited during the course of fieldwork. Of the new sites, six occur on the prairie and eight are located near creeks or standing bodies of water to the north, east, and south of the former native grassland. Simila~ly, all previously recorded sites lie between the prairie and Portage Creek and the north shore of Barton Lake on the southeast margin of Gourd-Neck Prairie. Our analysis of these data suggests that sites occurring on the former prairie represent very task specific or limited activity loci (e.g. the loss of a projectile during an episode of hunting), with the more intensively occupied settlements being situated in oak savanna and bur oak openings affording greater access to resources (e.g. wood) i i deemed critical to support a camp or village and also closer proximity to nearby, resource rich wetlands and the lakes and streams that they flanked. Clearly, our research to date strongly suggests that the historical documents must be more critically evaluated before recording locations referenced in them as bona fide archaeological sites providing distributional information useful in better understanding settlement patterns (and subsistence practices) of the native inhabitants of Kalamazoo County, Michigan

Las periferias sintácticas en el habla coloquial de español L1 y L2 de sueco L1 : UN ESTUDIO TIPOLÓGICO Y ADQUISICIONAL

The last two decades have seen an increasing interest in what characterizes the left and right sentence peripheries. This paper is the partial account of a research project at Stockholm University which aims at comparing highly proficient Swedish users of L2 French and Spanish with native speakers with regard to how they structure the syntactic peripheries in natural colloquial speech. In the present context, however, only Spanish and Swedish will be accounted for. The analysis contains two aspects: on the one hand, a typological study comparing native speakers of the two languages and, on the other hand, a study addressing the question of the upper limits of L2 acquisition while comparing Spanish L1 and L2 speakers, the latter having Swedish as their L1.Results addressing the first aspect show that native speakers of Spanish put more weight on the left periphery than do native speakers of Swedish, who, in turn, put considerably more weight on the right periphery, thus showing a clear typological difference. As regards the second, acquisitional aspect, the behaviour of the high-proficient L2 speakers closely resembles that of the native speakers, with only a few albeit interesting exceptions. On the other hand, no clear instances of L1 transfer can be observed in the Spanish L2 productions

15-An Archaeological Survey in Pavilion and Schoolcraft Townships, Kalamazoo County, Michigan

During the 1984 field season, Dr. William Cremin and the Western Michigan University archaeological field school continued the program of site location survey that had been initiated two years earlier in Pavilion Township (T3S RlOW), Kalamazoo County, Michigan. In addition, a small area flanking the north end of Barton Lake in nearby Schoolcraft Township (T4S RllW) was similarly evaluated. With the cooperation of numerous area landowners and local artifact collectors, almost 40 parcels of land aggregating 361 ha in Pavilion and 33 ha in Schoolcraft townships were surveyed by means of surface reconnaissance procedures. There follows a report of our survey activity, including descriptions of the archaeological sites that were recorded and collected and recommendations regarding the proper disposition of several \u27\u27problem\u27\u27 sites; the latter reflect in one instance disagreement among the documentary sources as to the location of a burial mound and in a second the erroneous recording of a natural feature on the landscape as a cultural phenomenon (i.e. burial mound)

Testing the assumptions of linear prediction analysis in normal vowels

This paper develops an improved surrogate data test to show experimental evidence, for all the simple vowels of US English, for both male and female speakers, that Gaussian linear prediction analysis, a ubiquitous technique in current speech technologies, cannot be used to extract all the dynamical structure of real speech time series. The test provides robust evidence undermining the validity of these linear techniques, supporting the assumptions of either dynamical nonlinearity and/or non-Gaussianity common to more recent, complex, efforts at dynamical modelling speech time series. However, an additional finding is that the classical assumptions cannot be ruled out entirely, and plausible evidence is given to explain the success of the linear Gaussian theory as a weak approximation to the true, nonlinear/non-Gaussian dynamics. This supports the use of appropriate hybrid linear/nonlinear/non-Gaussian modelling. With a calibrated calculation of statistic and particular choice of experimental protocol, some of the known systematic problems of the method of surrogate data testing are circumvented to obtain results to support the conclusions to a high level of significance

17-An Archaeological Survey of the Middle St. Joseph River Valley in St. Joseph County, Michigan

Between 2-19 Jun 86, a team of researchers from Western Michigan University conducted a reconnaissance level survey of a 63.5 km2 transect across the St. Joseph River Valley in Leonidas and Colon Townships, St. Joseph County, Michigan. They gained access to 77 parcels of farmland affording good to excellent surface visibility and aggregating 15.3 km 2 , or 24% of the entire study area. In the process, 87 new archaeological sites were located and recorded; another three sites were recorded on the basis of documentary evidence reviewed during the course of the project. For each of 16 sampling strata evaluated, at least one site attributable to Amerindian occupation was recorded. However, the data on site distribution in the study area show a pronounced tendency for the more impressive sites to concentrate along the course of the St. Joseph, especially near the confluence of Nottawa Creek with the river, and to a lesser extend along the lower reaches of this feeder stream and overlooking Long Lake through which another major tributary, Swan Creek, passes as it flows toward its confluence with the St. Joseph River. In the report which follows, the survey area is briefly described, previously recorded sites are discussed, the research design employed in this survey is outlined, and the results of our efforts are fully presented. The report concludes with comparisons of the data set derived from the 1986 SJVA-I transect with those acquired during similar programs of research in the nearby drainages of the Middle Kalamazoo and Portage Rivers, together with some general statements about the implications of these data for Amerindian subsistence settlement behavior in this area of southwest Michigan. In our recommendations regarding management of archaeological resources in this apparently very rich zone, we mention that as many as 10 sites recorded by the survey team in 1986 may warrant evaluation of their eligibility For listing in the National Register of Historic Places; note our current plans to conduct Phase II investigations at two of these sites in the upcoming field season, with grant support From the Historic Preservation Grant Program administered through the Bureau of History, Michigan Department of State; and comment on the cooperative attitude of area landowners and how good communications between professional archaeologists and property owners in the study area will greatly Facilitate management efforts with respect to the resources as well as make possible future research oriented toward mare intensive evaluation of potentially significant sites in this universe