Peptidergic control in a fruit crop pest: The spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii

Neuropeptides play an important role in the regulation of feeding in insects and offer potential targets for the development of new chemicals to control insect pests. A pest that has attracted much recent attention is the highly invasive Drosophila suzukii, a polyphagous pest that can cause serious economic damage to soft fruits. Previously we showed by mass spectrometry the presence of the neuropeptide myosuppressin (TDVDHVFLRFamide) in the nerve bundle suggesting that this peptide is involved in regulating the function of the crop, which in adult dipteran insects has important roles in the processing of food, the storage of carbohydrates and the movement of food into the midgut for digestion. In the present study antibodies that recognise the C-terminal RFamide epitope of myosuppressin stain axons in the crop nerve bundle and reveal peptidergic fibres covering the surface of the crop. We also show using an in vitro bioassay that the neuropeptide is a potent inhibitor (EC50 of 2.3 nM) of crop contractions and that this inhibition is mimicked by the non-peptide myosuppressin agonist, benzethonium chloride (Bztc). Myosuppressin also inhibited the peristaltic contractions of the adult midgut, but was a much weaker agonist (EC50 = 5.7 μM). The oral administration of Bztc (5 mM) in a sucrose diet to adult female D. suzukii over 4 hours resulted in less feeding and longer exposure to dietary Bztc led to early mortality. We therefore suggest that myosuppressin and its cognate receptors are potential targets for disrupting feeding behaviour of adult D. suzukii

N-Acetylcysteine Influence on Oxidative Stress and Cardiac Remodeling in Rats During Transition from Compensated Left Ventricular Hypertrophy to Heart Failure

Background/Aims: To evaluate the effects of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on cardiac structure and function in rats with long-term ascending aortic stenosis (AS). Methods: Four months after inducing AS, Wistar rats were assigned into the groups Sham, AS, and AS treated with NAC (AS-NAC) and followed for eight weeks. Cardiac structure and function were evaluated by echocardiogram. Myocardial antioxidant enzymes activity was measured by spectrophotometry and malondialdehyde serum concentration by HPLC. Gene expression of NADPH oxidase subunits NOX2, NOX4, p22 phox, and p47 phox was assessed by real time RT-PCR and protein expression of MAPK proteins by Western blot. Statistical analyzes were performed with Goodman and ANOVA or Mann-Whitney Results: NAC restored myocardial total glutathione (Sham 20.8±3.00; AS 12.6±2.92; AS-NAC 17.6±2.45 nmol/g tissue; p<0.05 AS vs Sham and AS-NAC). Malondialdehyde serum concentration was lower in AS-NAC and myocardial lipid hydroperoxide was higher in AS (Sham 199±48.1; AS 301±36.0; AS-NAC 181±41.3 nmol/g tissue). Glutathione peroxidase activity was lower in AS than Sham. Echocardiogram showed LV concentric hypertrophy with systolic and diastolic dysfunction before and after treatment; no differences were observed between AS-NAC and AS groups. NAC reduced p-ERK and p-JNK protein expression, attenuated myocardial fibrosis, and decreased the frequency of right ventricular hypertrophy. Conclusion: N-acetylcysteine restores myocardial total glutathione, reduces systemic and myocardial oxidative stress, improves MAPK signaling, and attenuates myocardial fibrosis in aortic stenosis rats

Rhodococcus equi Parte 1: epidemiologia, manifestações clínicas, diagnóstico e tratamento Rhodococcus equi Part 1: epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment

A rodococose é uma doença de distribuição mundial causada pelo Rhodococcus equi, responsável por taxas elevadas de mortalidade e grandes perdas econômicas relacionadas à pneumonia grave em potros com menos de seis meses de idade. Essa revisão inclui a etiologia, epidemiologia e patogenia da doença com atenção especial à proteína de superfície VapA, seu principal determinante de virulência. As principais manifestações clínicas são apresentadas, bem como os métodos diagnósticos e as suas aplicações, incluindo as novas estratégias em desenvolvimento. Da mesma maneira, as medidas terapêuticas mais utilizadas são também discutidas, abordando principalmente o uso de antibióticos capazes de penetrar nas formações abscedantes.<br>Rodococosis is a disease that has a worldwide distribution caused by Rhodococcus equi. In foals under six months high mortality and great econimic losses are related to this bacterial pneumonia. This review includes the ethiology, epidemiology and pathogenesis of the disease with focus on the role of VapA, a surface protein, as the major determinant of virulence. The clinical manifestations are reviewed and diagnostic methods and their applications are commented, including new strategies that are still being developed. Likewise, the most common clinical therapies are discussed specially those using antibiotics that are known to penetrate in abcesses