PENGARUH LATIHAN DRIBBLING DENGAN METODE BERMAIN TERHADAP PERKEMBANGAN KEMAMPUAN POWER OTOT TUNGKAI DAN KESEIMBANGAN ANAK USIA 9-12 TAHUN SEKOLAH SEPAK BOLA NETRAL UNITED TAHUN 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh latihan dribbling dengan metode bermain terhadap perkembangan kemampuan power otot tungkai dan keseimbangan anak usia 9-12 tahun Sekolah Sepak Bola Netral United tahun 2016. Pengambilan data dilaksanakan di Sekolah Sepak Bola Netral United, Komplek Rusun Clincing, Clincing, Jakarta This research aims to understand the influence of dribbling exercise by using play method to the development of power limb muscle ability and the balance of 9-12 year old children at netral united soccer school in 2016. The data was carried out in netral united soccer school, clincing complex, clincing, north jakarta from march to april 2016. The research sample was 9-12 year old player. 21 people used purposive sampling of 30 populations. The research methodology used was pre-experiment with one group pretest posttest design model. To obtain the development data of power limb muscle ability and the balance of 9-12 year old children, this research used instrument test such as standing brod jump test, storc stand test, and modified bass dynamic balance test. The data analysis technique exercise with play method (x) impact on the power limb muscle ability (y 1 ), static balance (y2 ), and dynamic balance (y3 ) 9-12 old children at netral united soccer school in 2016 Utara pada bulan Maret sampai dengan bulan April 2016. Sampel penelitian yaitu pemain usia 9-12 tahun yang berjumlah 21 orang dari populasi sebanyak 30 orang dengan menggunakan purposive sampling. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Pre-Eksperimen dengan model one group pretest posttest design. Untuk memperoleh data perkembangan kemampuan power otot tungkai dan keseimbangan anak usia 9-12 tahun digunakan instrumen tes kemampuan fisik yaitu tes power (standing broad jump test), tes keseimbangan statis (stork stand test), dan tes keseimbangan dinamis (modified bass dynamic balance test).dan teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah teknik analisis data Uji T. Berdasarkan hasil data penelitian, maka dapat dikemukakan bahwa latihan dribbling dengan metode bermain (X) berpengaruh terhadap perkembangan kemampuan power otot tungkai (Y1), keseimbangan statis (Y2) dan keseimbangan dinamis (Y3) anak usia 9-12 tahun sekolah sepak bola Netral United tahun 2016

HUBUNGAN KECEPATAN DAN KELINCAHAN TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN MENGGIRING BOLA PADA SISWA EKSTRAKURIKULER FUTSAL SMP N 109 JAKARTA

Penelitian ini memiliki beberapa tujuan agar bisa mengetahui:1. Ada hubungan kecepatan terhadap kemampuan menggiring bola, 2. Ada hubungan kelincahan terhadap kemampuan menggiring bola, 3. Ada hubungan kecepatan dan kelincahan secara bersama-sama terhadap kemampuan menggiring bola. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian hubungan sebab akibat. Pengambilan data dilaksanakan di lapangan futsal SMP N 109 Jakarta. Siswa ekstrakurikuler SMP N 109 Jakarta sebagai populasi. Sampel yang di ambil sebanyak 30 siswa dengan menggunakan teknik total sampling. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan instrumen penelitian yaitu: 1. Untuk mengukur kecepatan menggunakan tes lari 20 meter, 2. Untuk mengukur kelincahan menggunakan Zigzag test dan 3. Untuk mengukur kemampuan menggiring bola menggunakan tes menggiring bola Pada penelitian ini didapatkan hasil yang menunjukkan bahwa: 1) Terdapat hubungan kecepatan terhadap kemampuan menggiring bola, dibuktikan melalui hasil thitung = 2,62 > ttabel = 2,05183 dengan taraf signifikan 0.60. Persamaan regresinya adalah Ȳ = 5,9 + 4.1X1. Kontribusi kecepatan (X1) sebesar 16,9% terhadap kemampuan menggiring bola, dan sisanya 83,1% dipengaruhi oleh faktor lainnya. 2) Terdapat hubungan kelincahan terhadap kemampuan menggiring bola. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari hasil thitung = 5,865 > ttabel = 2,05183 dengan taraf signifikan 1,00. Persamaan regresinya yaitu Ȳ = -1,795 + 1,522X2. Kontribusi kelincahan (X2) sebesar 53,5% terhadap kemampuan menggiring bola, dan sisanya 46,5% dipengaruhi oleh faktor lainnya. 3) Terdapat hubungan kecepatan dan kelincahan secara bersama-sama terhadap kemampuan menggiring bola. Dapat dilihat pada hasil Fhitung = 16,609 > Ftabel = 3,354 dengan taraf signifikan 1,00. Dengan persamaan regresi Ȳ = (-1,436)+(-213X1)+1,551X2. Kontribusi kecepatan (X1) dan kelincahan (X2) secara bersama-sama sebesar 55,1% terhadap kemampuan menggiring bola, dan sisanya 44,9% dipengaruhi oleh faktor lainnya. This research has several objectives in order to find out:1. There is a relationship between speed and dribbling ability, 2. There is a relationship of agility to dribbling ability, 3. There is a relationship between speed and agility together on dribbling ability. The research method used in this study is causal relationship research. Data collection was carried out on the futsal field of SMP N 109 Jakarta. Extracurricular students of Junior Hight School 109 Jakarta as a population. The sample taken was 30 students using the total sampling technique. In this study, research instruments were used, namely: 1. To measure speed using a 20-meter running test, 2. To measure agility using a Zig-zag test and 3. To measure dribbling ability using a dribbling test In this study, results were obtained that showed that: 1) There was a relationship between speed and dribbling ability, as evidenced by the hasul of tcount = 2.62 > ttable = 2.05183 with a significant level of 0.60. The regression equation is Ȳ = 5.9 + 4.1X1. The contribution of speed (X1) is 16.9% to the ability to dribble the ball, and the remaining 83.1% is influenced by other factors. 2) There is a relationship between agility and dribbling ability. This can be seen from the results of tcount = 5.865 > ttable = 2.05183 with a significant level of 1.00. The regression equation is Ȳ = -1.795 + 1.522X2. The contribution of agility (X2) is 53.5% to the ability to dribble the ball, and the remaining 46.5% is influenced by other factors. 3) There is a relationship between speed and agility together on dribbling ability. It can be seen in the results of Fcount = 16.609 > Ftable = 3.354 with a significant level of 1.00. With the regression equation Ȳ = (-1,436)+(-213X1)+1,551X2. The contribution of speed (X1) and agility (X2) together is 55.1% to the ability to dribble the ball, and the remaining 44.9% is influenced by other factors. Keyword : Speed, agility, dribbl

Cross-reactivity of anti-HIV-1 T cell immune responses among the major HIV-1 clades in HIV-1-positive individuals from 4 continents

Background. the genetic diversity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) raises the question of whether vaccines that include a component to elicit antiviral T cell immunity based on a single viral genetic clade could provide cellular immune protection against divergent HIV-1 clades. Therefore, we quantified the cross-clade reactivity, among unvaccinated individuals, of anti-HIV-1 T cell responses to the infecting HIV-1 clade relative to other major circulating clades.Methods. Cellular immune responses to HIV-1 clades A, B, and C were compared by standardized interferon-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot assays among 250 unvaccinated individuals, infected with diverse HIV-1 clades, from Brazil, Malawi, South Africa, Thailand, and the United States. Cross-clade reactivity was evaluated by use of the ratio of responses to heterologous versus homologous ( infecting) clades of HIV-1.Results. Cellular immune responses were predominantly focused on viral Gag and Nef proteins. Cross-clade reactivity of cellular immune responses to HIV-1 clade A, B, and C proteins was substantial for Nef proteins ( ratio, 0.97 [95% confidence interval, 0.89-1.05]) and lower for Gag proteins ( ratio, 0.67 [ 95% confidence interval, 0.62-0.73]). the difference in cross-clade reactivity to Nef and Gag proteins was significant (P < .0001).Conclusions. Cross-clade reactivity of cellular immune responses can be substantial but varies by viral protein.Merck Res Labs, W Point, PA USAMahidol Univ, Bangkok 10700, ThailandMalawi Coll Med, Blantyre, MalawiMinist Populat & Hlth, Lilongwe, MalawiUniv Fed Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilUniv Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South AfricaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Economic Effect on Agricultural Production of Alternative Energy Input Prices: Texas High Plains

The Arab oil embargo of 1973 awakened the world to the reality of energy shortages and higher fuel prices. Agriculture in the United States is highly mechanized and thus energy intensive. This study seeks to develop an evaluative capability to readily determine the short-run effect of rising energy prices on agricultural production. The results are measured in terms of demand schedules for each input investigated, net revenue adjustments, cropping pattern shifts, and changes in agricultural output. The High Plains of Texas was selected as a study area due to the heterogeneous nature of agricultural production in the region and highly energy intensive methods of production employed. The region is associated with a diversity in crops and production practices as well as a high degree of mechanization and irrigation, which means agriculture is very dependent upon energy inputs and, in turn, is significantly affected by energy price changes. The study area was defined by the Texas Agricultural Extension subregions of High Plains II, High Plains III, and High Plains IV. The crops chosen for study were cotton, grain sorghum, wheat, corn, and soybeans. The energy and energy-related inputs under investigation were diesel, herbicide, natural gas, nitrogen fertilizer, and water. Mathematical linear programming was used as the analytical technique with parametric programming techniques incorporated into the LP model to evaluate effect of varying input price parameters over a specified range. Thus, demand schedules were estimated. The objective function was constructed using variable costs only; no fixed costs are considered. Therefore, the objective function maximizes net revenue above variable costs and thus limits the study to the short run. The data bases for the model were crop enterprise budgets developed by the Texas Agricultural Extension Service. These budgets were modified to adapt them to the study. Particularly important was the substitution of owner-operated harvesting equipment for custom-harvesting costs. This procedure made possible the delineation of fuel use by crop and production alternative which was necessary information in the accounting of costs. The completed LP model was applied to 16 alternative situations made up of various input and product price combinations which are considered as feasible in the short run future. The results reveal that diesel consumption would change very little in the short run unless commodity prices simultaneously decline below the lowest prices since 1971 or unless diesel price approaches $2.00 per gallon. Under average commodity price conditions, natural gas consumption would not decline appreciably until the price rose above$4.00 per 1000 cubic feet (mcf). Even when using the least product prices since 1971, natural gas would be consumed in substantial amounts as long as the price was below $1.28 per Mcf. The findings regarding nitrogen indicate that present nitrogen prices are within a critical range such that consumption would be immediately affected by nitrogen price increases. Water price was considered as the price a farmer can afford to pay for water above pumping and distribution costs. Application of water was defined as the price that would be paid for imported water. Under average commodity price conditions, the study results show that as water price rises from zero dollars to$22 per acre foot there would be less than a 4 percent reduction in consumption. However, as the price continues to rise, consumption would decline dramatically reaching zero at a water price of $71.75 per acre foot. This study indicates that rising input prices would cause acreage shifts from irrigated to dryland; however, with average commodity prices, these shifts do not occur until diesel reaches$2.69 per gallon, or natural gas sells for $1.92 per Mcf, or nitrogen price is$.41 per pound, or water price reaches $14.69 per acre foot. In general, the first crops that would shift out of production as energy input prices rise would be grain sorghum and corn. Cotton does not appear to be significantly affected by feasible near future energy price rises; while wheat was found to increase in production as fuel costs increase. Whereas rising energy prices mildly affect consumption of inputs, cropping shifts, and output, they significantly impact on net revenue to the farmer. With average product prices, the results indicate that farmers' net income above variable cost approach$500 million at present diesel prices ($.40 per gallon). A doubling of diesel price to$.81 per gallon would cost the farmer $79 million in net revenue, and a price rise to$1.86 per gallon would cost $254 million in farmer net revenue. The results of natural gas, nitrogen, and water are similar to diesel in that the increased cost of the input directly reduces net revenue. Throughout the analysis, commodity prices were shown to be more consequential to agricultural production and farmer welfare than are energy input prices. A synoptic statement of the findings is as follows: in the short run future assuming average prices for commodities, farmers in the Texas High Plains will continue to produce at present levels according to established cropping patterns unless diesel reaches a$2.00 per gallon price range, or natural gas price approaches $4.00 per Mcf, or nitrogen sells for around$.40 per pound. Furthermore, the importation of water is feasible only if its cost can be kept well below $70 per acre foot

A Model for Estimating Demand for Irrigation Water on the Texas High Plains

With rapidly changing conditions in production agriculture, the need for highly flexible and quickly applicable methods of analysis is emphasized. The purpose of this study was to develop such a model for a homogeneous production region in the Texas High Plains. A linear programming model was constructed whereby crop or input prices are readily adjustable. In addition, limitations on quantities of inputs available can easily be evaluated. The model contains cotton, grain sorghum, corn, wheat and soybeans. Inputs that can be evaluated include irrigation water, natural gas, diesel, nitrogen fertilizer and herbicides. The primary focus of this work was to estimate the demand for irrigation water in the study area. The model was applied using alternative crop prices and input prices. Assuming average crop prices, current input prices and only variable costs of production, as the price of water was increased wheat shifted from irrigated to dryland production, then grain sorghum, cotton, corn and soybeans, in that order. The price of water was $71.75 per acre foot plus current pumping cost when all land shifted to dryland production. The same analysis, except variable and fixed costs both included, gave similar results relative to the sequence of crops that shift to dryland production as the price of water was increased. However, the shifts occurred at much lower water prices; i.e., at$24.47 per acre foot plus current pumping costs, all land had shifted to dryland production. This suggests that over the long run, irrigation in the Texas High Plains is quite sensitive to the price of energy used in pumping water. Further, there are strong implications relative to farmer's "ability to pay" for water imported to the High Plains from other regions. In this report, several scenarios including low, high and average crop prices and average and high input prices were evaluated

Alteration in the gut microbiome is associated with changes in bone metabolism after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), the most common bariatric surgical procedure, leads to durable weight loss and improves obesity-related comorbidities. However, it induces abnormalities in bone metabolism. One unexplored potential contributor is the gut microbiome, which influences bone metabolism and is altered after surgery. We characterized the relationship between the gut microbiome and skeletal health in severe obesity and after LSG. In a prospective cohort study, 23 adults with severe obesity underwent skeletal health assessment and stool collection preoperatively and 6&nbsp;mo after LSG. Gut microbial diversity and composition were characterized using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and fecal concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were measured with LC-MS/MS. Spearman's correlations and PERMANOVA analyses were applied to assess relationships between the gut microbiome and bone health measures including serum bone turnover markers (C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen [CTx] and procollagen type 1&nbsp;N-terminal propeptide [P1NP]), areal BMD, intestinal calcium absorption, and calciotropic hormones. Six months after LSG, CTx and P1NP increased (by median 188% and 61%, P&nbsp;&lt; .01) and femoral neck BMD decreased (mean -3.3%, P&nbsp;&lt; .01). Concurrently, there was a decrease in relative abundance of the phylum Firmicutes. Although there were no change in overall microbial diversity or fecal SCFA concentrations after LSG, those with greater within-subject change in gut community microbial composition (β-diversity) postoperatively had greater increases in P1NP level (ρ&nbsp;= 0.48, P&nbsp;= .02) and greater bone loss at the femoral neck (ρ&nbsp;= -0.43, P&nbsp;= .04). In addition, within-participant shifts in microbial richness/evenness (α-diversity) were associated with changes in IGF-1 levels (ρ&nbsp;= 0.56, P&nbsp;&lt; .01). The lower the postoperative fecal butyrate concentration, the lower the IGF-1 level (ρ&nbsp;= 0.43, P&nbsp;= .04). Meanwhile, the larger the decrease in butyrate concentration, the higher the postoperative CTx (ρ&nbsp;= -0.43, P&nbsp;= .04). These findings suggest that LSG-induced gut microbiome alteration may influence skeletal outcomes postoperatively, and microbial influences on butyrate formation and IGF-1 are possible mechanisms

Sparse canonical correlation analysis for identifying, connecting and completing gene-expression networks

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>We generalized penalized canonical correlation analysis for analyzing microarray gene-expression measurements for checking completeness of known metabolic pathways and identifying candidate genes for incorporation in the pathway. We used Wold's method for calculation of the canonical variates, and we applied ridge penalization to the regression of pathway genes on canonical variates of the non-pathway genes, and the elastic net to the regression of non-pathway genes on the canonical variates of the pathway genes.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We performed a small simulation to illustrate the model's capability to identify new candidate genes to incorporate in the pathway: in our simulations it appeared that a gene was correctly identified if the correlation with the pathway genes was 0.3 or more. We applied the methods to a gene-expression microarray data set of 12, 209 genes measured in 45 patients with glioblastoma, and we considered genes to incorporate in the glioma-pathway: we identified more than 25 genes that correlated > 0.9 with canonical variates of the pathway genes.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We concluded that penalized canonical correlation analysis is a powerful tool to identify candidate genes in pathway analysis.</p

Gag Mutations Strongly Contribute to HIV-1 Resistance to Protease Inhibitors in Highly Drug-Experienced Patients besides Compensating for Fitness Loss

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) resistance to protease inhibitors (PI) results from mutations in the viral protease (PR) that reduce PI binding but also decrease viral replicative capacity (RC). Additional mutations compensating for the RC loss subsequently accumulate within PR and in Gag substrate cleavage sites. We examined the respective contribution of mutations in PR and Gag to PI resistance and RC and their interdependence using a panel of HIV-1 molecular clones carrying different sequences from six patients who had failed multiple lines of treatment. Mutations in Gag strongly and directly contributed to PI resistance besides compensating for fitness loss. This effect was essentially carried by the C-terminal region of Gag (containing NC-SP2-p6) with little or no contribution from MA, CA, and SP1. The effect of Gag on resistance depended on the presence of cleavage site mutations A431V or I437V in NC-SP2-p6 and correlated with processing of the NC/SP2 cleavage site. By contrast, reverting the A431V or I437V mutation in these highly evolved sequences had little effect on RC. Mutations in the NC-SP2-p6 region of Gag can be dually selected as compensatory and as direct PI resistance mutations, with cleavage at the NC-SP2 site behaving as a rate-limiting step in PI resistance. Further compensatory mutations render viral RC independent of the A431V or I437V mutations while their effect on resistance persists