Inverted and horizontal impacted third molars in an Early Modern skull from Wroclaw, Poland: a case report

Background: An impacted tooth is one of the most commonly occurring dental anomalies, although some types of impaction (i.e. inverted angulation) may be considered rare finding. There are many hypotheses regarding impaction aetiology. One of the most popular hypotheses suggested that this condition may result from insufficient space in retromolar space, other: improper angulation of tooth bud, malposition of the tooth germ or hereditary factors, insufficient interproximal attrition, ectopy or dysfunction of genes necessary for proper tooth eruption. This study aims to present the odontological and paleopathological assessment of the impacted molars observed within the skull excavated from an early modern cemetery in Wroclaw.  Materials and methods: The skull used in the study was complete and in a good state of preservation. It belonged to an adult individual whose body was buried at the former Salvator Cemetery (currently Czysty Square). The individual’s dentition was almost completely lost antemortem. Only second molars preserved within the maxillae (bilaterally) and the mandible was almost edentulous as well. The morphometric traits have been taken according to standards established by R. Martin. Macroscopic observations were supported by X-rays and computed tomography imaging.  Results: The age at death was estimated at 20–35 years. Comparison of the metric characteristics of skull with the reference material reveals that it is much smaller than the average female skull from this series. Morphometric indices calculated for both splanchocranium and neurocranium allow defining the skull and jaw as short, which could be an important factor involved in the teeth impaction.  Conclusions: Atypical impaction of the third molars could result from small size of skull and could have significantly deteriorated the quality of life of the individual.

The impact of digital education initiatives

The article summarizes the arguments and counterarguments of the scientific debate regarding the impact of digital education initiatives on human capital development in Ukraine. The study’s primary goal is to determine the effect of digital educational initiatives on human capital development. The systematization of literary sources and approaches to solving the problem indicates that the debate about the advantages and disadvantages of digital education in Ukraine continues until now. The urgency of solving this scientific problem lies in the fact that digital education is essential for the state’s educational policy and the country’s general development of human capital. The study of the topic in the article is carried out in the following logical sequence: a review of the literature to determine the advantages and disadvantages of digital education in Ukraine and an assessment of the impact of digital education on the development of skills and abilities of education seekers. An in-depth retrospective analysis of scientific works was carried out to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the subject of research. To solve the set goal, the methods of statistical analysis and questionnaires were used in the work. The object of the study is digital education initiatives in Ukraine. The effectiveness of initiatives in improving students’ knowledge, abilities, and employment prospects is analyzed. The study empirically confirms and theoretically proves that digital education initiatives positively affect the development of human capital in Ukraine. Educators who have mastered the skills of working on digital platforms demonstrate improved critical thinking and teamwork skills. The results show that these initiatives improve students’ skills, knowledge and employability. The development of digital education also requires establishing fair access to digital educational materials, especially in rural areas, and improving pedagogical workers’ qualifications in using digital products. The findings contribute to the broader academic discourse on the relationship between digital education and human capital growth, providing ideas for future research

Comparative Study of Brain Size Ontogeny: Marsupials and Placental Mammals

There exists a negative allometry between vertebrate brain size and body size. It has been well studied among placental mammals but less is known regarding marsupials. Consequently, this study explores brain/body ontogenetic growth in marsupials and compares it with placental mammals. Pouch young samples of 43 koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus), 28 possums (Trichosurus vulpecula), and 36 tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii) preserved in a solution of 10% buffered formalin, as well as fresh juveniles and adults of 43 koalas and 40 possums, were studied. Their brain size/body size allometry was compared to that among humans, rhesus monkeys, dogs, cats, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, wild pigs, and mice. Two patterns of allometric curves were found: a logarithmic one (marsupials, rabbits, wild pigs, and guinea pigs) and a logistic one (the rest of mammals).Carmen De Miguel, Arthur Saniotis, Agata Cieslik, and Maciej Henneber

Low-basicity 5-HT7 receptor agonists synthesized using the van Leusen multicomponent protocol

A series of 5-aryl-1-alkylimidazole derivatives was synthesized using the van Leusen multicomponent reaction. The chemotype is the first example of low-basicity scaffolds exhibiting high affinity for 5-HT7 receptor together with agonist function. The chosen lead compounds 3-(1-ethyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)-5- iodo-1H-indole (AGH-107, 1o, Ki 5-HT7=6nM, EC50=19nM, 176-fold selectivity over 5-HT1AR) and 1e (5-methoxy analogue, Ki 5-HT7=30nM, EC50=60nM) exhibited high selectivity over related CNS targets, high metabolic stability and low toxicity in HEK-293 and HepG2 cell cultures. A rapid absorption to the blood, high blood-brain barrier permeation and a very high peak concentration in the brain (Cmax=2723 ng/g) were found for 1o after i.p. (5mg/kg) administration in mice. The compound was found active in novel object recognition test in mice, at 0.5, 1 and 5mg/kg. Docking to 5-HT7R homology models indicated a plausible binding mode which explain the unusually high selectivity over the related CNS targets. Halogen bond formation between the most potent derivatives and the receptor is consistent with both the docking results and SAR. 5-Chlorine, bromine and iodine substitution resulted in a 13, 27 and 89-fold increase in binding affinities, respectively, and in enhanced 5-HT1AR selectivity

The ICARUS T600 Experiment in the Gran Sasso Underground Laboratory

With a mass of about 600 tons of Liquid Argon (LAr), the ICARUS T600 detector is the biggest, up to now, LAr Time Projection Chamber (TPC). Following its successful test run, on the Earth surface, in Pavia (Italy) in 2001, the detector is now very close to start data taking in the Gran Sasso underground laboratory. The main features of the LAr TPC technique, together with a short discussion of some of the ICARUS T600 test run results, are presented in this paper

Experimental search for the LSND anomaly with the ICARUS detector in the CNGS neutrino beam

We report an early result from the ICARUS experiment on the search for nu_mu to nu_e signal due to the LSND anomaly. The search was performed with the ICARUS T600 detector located at the Gran Sasso Laboratory, receiving CNGS neutrinos from CERN at an average energy of about 20 GeV, after a flight path of about 730 km. The LSND anomaly would manifest as an excess of nu_e events, characterized by a fast energy oscillation averaging approximately to sin^2(1.27 Dm^2_new L/ E_nu) = 1/2. The present analysis is based on 1091 neutrino events, which are about 50% of the ICARUS data collected in 2010-2011. Two clear nu_e events have been found, compared with the expectation of 3.7 +/- 0.6 events from conventional sources. Within the range of our observations, this result is compatible with the absence of a LSND anomaly. At 90% and 99% confidence levels the limits of 3.4 and 7.3 events corresponding to oscillation probabilities of 5.4 10^-3 and 1.1 10^-2 are set respectively. The result strongly limits the window of open options for the LSND anomaly to a narrow region around (Dm^2, sin^2(2 theta))_new = (0.5 eV^2, 0.005), where there is an overall agreement (90% CL) between the present ICARUS limit, the published limits of KARMEN and the published positive signals of LSND and MiniBooNE Collaborations.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figure

Measurement of Through-Going Particle Momentum By Means Of Multiple Scattering With The ICARUS T600 TPC

The ICARUS collaboration has demonstrated, following the operation of a 600 ton (T600) detector at shallow depth, that the technique based on liquid Argon TPCs is now mature. The study of rare events, not contemplated in the Standard Model, can greatly benefit from the use of this kind of detectors. In particular, a deeper understanding of atmospheric neutrino properties will be obtained thanks to the unprecedented quality of the data ICARUS provides. However if we concentrate on the T600 performance, most of the $\nu_\mu$ charged current sample will be partially contained, due to the reduced dimensions of the detector. In this article, we address the problem of how well we can determine the kinematics of events having partially contained tracks. The analysis of a large sample of atmospheric muons collected during the T600 test run demonstrate that, in case the recorded track is at least one meter long, the muon momentum can be reconstructed by an algorithm that measures the Multiple Coulomb Scattering along the particle's path. Moreover, we show that momentum resolution can be improved by a factor two using an algorithm based on the Kalman Filtering technique