967 research outputs found
A study of a non-deepening tropical disturbance
Data from research vessel, instrumented research aircraft, and Tiros VI and Tiros VII SATELLITES to study nondeepening tropical disturbanc
Assuring teacher competence
It should be clear that no single pencil and paper test can assess teacher competence
Abundance and distribution of selected elements in soils, stream sediments, and selected forage plants from desert tortoise habitats in the Mojave and Colorado deserts, USA
A baseline and background chemical survey was conducted in southeastern California, USA, to identify potential sources of toxicants in natural and anthropogenically-altered habitats of the threatened desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii). Soil, stream sediment, and plant samples were collected from six tortoise habitat study areas in the Mojave and Colorado deserts and analysed for up to 66 different elements. The chemical analyses provided new information on the abundances and distributions of selected elements in this region. Soil, stream-sediment, and plant analyses showed distinct variations in bulk chemistries from locality to locality. Variations were, in general, consistent with the many types of exposed rock units in the region, their highly variable bulk mineralogies, and chemical contents. Of elements in soils that might have been toxic to tortoises, only As seemed to be anomalous region-wide. Some soil and plant anomalies were clearly anthropogenic. In the Rand and Atolia mining districts, soil anomalies for As, Au, Cd, Hg, Sb, and(or)Wand plant anomalies for As, Sb, and(or) W extend as far as ~15km outward from the present area of mining; soils containing anomalous Hg were found at least 6km away from old piles of tailings. The anomalous concentrations of As and Hg may have been the source of elevated levels of these elements found in ill tortoises from the region. In the Goldstone mining district, soil anomalies extended several km from the mining area. These areas probably represented anthropogenic surface contamination of dust redistributed by wind, vehicles, and rainfall. One of two study areas transected by a paved road (Chemehuevi Valley) showed weakly elevated levels of Pb, which extended as far as ~22m from the pavement edge and were probably related to vehicle exhaust. No soil or plant samples from historically used military areas (Goldstone, Goffs, Chemehuevi Valley, Chuckwalla Bench) contained anomalous concentrations of the elements As, Cu, Cr, Fe, Pb, or Zn that could be ascribed to military maneuvers, vehicles, or ordnance. For future studies, the distribution and abundance of elements in the tortoise forage plants need to be evaluated for the respective roles of dust and systemic uptake. Additional chemical data from tortoise necropsies and nutritional studies are needed to determine the effects of potentially toxic elements in tortoise habitats on their health
Abundance and distribution of selected elements in soils, stream sediments, and selected forage plants from desert tortoise habitats in the Mojave and Colorado deserts, USA
A baseline and background chemical survey was conducted in southeastern California, USA, to identify potential sources of toxicants in natural and anthropogenically-altered habitats of the threatened desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii). Soil, stream sediment, and plant samples were collected from six tortoise habitat study areas in the Mojave and Colorado deserts and analysed for up to 66 different elements. The chemical analyses provided new information on the abundances and distributions of selected elements in this region. Soil, stream-sediment, and plant analyses showed distinct variations in bulk chemistries from locality to locality. Variations were, in general, consistent with the many types of exposed rock units in the region, their highly variable bulk mineralogies, and chemical contents. Of elements in soils that might have been toxic to tortoises, only As seemed to be anomalous region-wide. Some soil and plant anomalies were clearly anthropogenic. In the Rand and Atolia mining districts, soil anomalies for As, Au, Cd, Hg, Sb, and(or)Wand plant anomalies for As, Sb, and(or) W extend as far as ~15km outward from the present area of mining; soils containing anomalous Hg were found at least 6km away from old piles of tailings. The anomalous concentrations of As and Hg may have been the source of elevated levels of these elements found in ill tortoises from the region. In the Goldstone mining district, soil anomalies extended several km from the mining area. These areas probably represented anthropogenic surface contamination of dust redistributed by wind, vehicles, and rainfall. One of two study areas transected by a paved road (Chemehuevi Valley) showed weakly elevated levels of Pb, which extended as far as ~22m from the pavement edge and were probably related to vehicle exhaust. No soil or plant samples from historically used military areas (Goldstone, Goffs, Chemehuevi Valley, Chuckwalla Bench) contained anomalous concentrations of the elements As, Cu, Cr, Fe, Pb, or Zn that could be ascribed to military maneuvers, vehicles, or ordnance. For future studies, the distribution and abundance of elements in the tortoise forage plants need to be evaluated for the respective roles of dust and systemic uptake. Additional chemical data from tortoise necropsies and nutritional studies are needed to determine the effects of potentially toxic elements in tortoise habitats on their health
-Realizability and Other Musings on Inverse Domination
We introduce and study -realizable sequences. For a finite, simple graph containing no isolated vertices, is said to be an \emph{inverse dominating set} if dominates all of and is contained by the complement of some minimum dominating set . Define a sequence of positive integers to be \emph{-realizable} if there exists a graph having exactly distinct minimum dominating sets where for each , the minimum size of an inverse dominating set in is equal to . In this work, we show which sequences having minimum entry 2 or less are -realizable. We then detail a few observations and results arising during our investigations that may prove useful in future research
The He abundance in the metal-deficient blue compact dwarf galaxies Tol 1214-277 and Tol 65
We present high-quality Keck telescope spectroscopic observations of the two
metal-deficient blue compact dwarf (BCD) galaxies Tol 1214-277 and Tol 65.
These data are used to derive the heavy-element and helium abundances. We find
that the oxygen abundances in Tol 1214-277 and Tol 65 are the same,
12+logO/H=7.54+/-0.01, or Zsun/24, despite the different ionization conditions
in these galaxies. The nitrogen-to-oxygen abundance ratio in both galaxies is
logN/O=-1.64+/-0.02 and lies in the narrow range found for the other most
metal-deficient BCDs. We use the five strongest HeI emission lines 3889, 4471,
5876, 6678 and 7065, to correct self-consistently their intensities for
collisional and fluorescent enhancement mechanisms and to derive the He
abundance. Underlying stellar absorption is found to be important for the HeI
4471 emission line in both galaxies, being larger in Tol 65. The weighted He
mass fractions in Tol 1214-277 and Tol 65 are respectively Y=0.2458+/-0.0039
and 0.2410+/-0.0050 when the three HeI emission lines, 4471, 5876 and 6678, are
used, and are, respectively, 0.2466+/-0.0043 and 0.2463+/-0.0057 when the HeI
4471 emission line is excluded. These values are in very good agreement with
recent measurements of the He mass fraction in others of the most
metal-deficient BCDs by Izotov and coworkers. We find that the combined effect
of the systematic uncertainties due to the underlying HeI stellar absorption
lines, ionization and temperature structure of the HII region and collisional
excitation of the hydrogen emission lines is likely small, not exceeding ~2%
(the error is 2sigma). Our results support the validity of the standard big
bang model of nucleosynthesis.Comment: 22 pages, 3 Postscript figures, accepted for publication in the
Astrophysical Journa
Emission-Line Properties of z > 4 Quasars
We present results of a program of high signal-to-noise spectroscopy for 44
QSOs at redshifts > 4 using the MMT and Keck observatories. The quasar spectra
cover 1100 -- 1700 A in the rest frame for sources spanning a luminosity range
of approximately 2 orders of magnitude. Comparisons between these data and
spectra of lower redshift quasars reveal a high degree of similarity, although
differences are present in the profiles and the strengths of some emission
features. An examination of the luminosity dependence of the emission lines
reveals evidence for a weak or absent Baldwin effect among z > 4 QSOs. We
compare measurements for objects in our sample with results from other high
redshift surveys characterized by different selection techniques. Distributions
of equivalent widths for these different ensembles are consistent with a common
parent population, suggesting that our sample is not strongly biased, or in any
case, subject to selection effects that are not significantly different from
other surveys, including the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Based on this
comparison, we tentatively conclude that the trends identified here are
representative of high z QSOs. In particular, the data bolster indications of
supersolar metallicities in these luminous, high-z sources, which support
scenarios that assume substantial star formation at epochs preceding or
concurrent with the QSO phenomena.Comment: 26 pages (incl. 9 figures), AASTeX v5.0, to appear in The
Astrophysical Journa
C, N, O Abundances in the Most Metal-Poor Damped Lyman alpha Systems
This study focuses on some of the most metal-poor damped Lyman alpha
absorbers known in the spectra of high redshift QSOs, using new and archival
observations obtained with UV-sensitive echelle spectrographs on the Keck and
VLT telescopes. The weakness and simple velocity structure of the absorption
lines in these systems allows us to measure the abundances of several elements,
and in particular those of C, N, and O, a group that is difficult to study in
DLAs of more typical metallicities. We find that when the oxygen abundance is
less than about 1/100 of solar, the C/O ratio in high redshift DLAs and
sub-DLAs matches that of halo stars of similar metallicity and shows higher
values than expected from galactic chemical evolution models based on
conventional stellar yields. Furthermore, there are indications that at these
low metallicities the N/O ratio may also be above simple expectations and may
exhibit a minimum value, as proposed by Centurion and her collaborators in
2003. Both results can be interpreted as evidence for enhanced production of C
and N by massive stars in the first few episodes of star formation, in our
Galaxy and in the distant proto-galaxies seen as QSO absorbers. The higher
stellar yields implied may have an origin in stellar rotation which promotes
mixing in the stars' interiors, as considered in some recent model
calculations. We briefly discuss the relevance of these results to current
ideas on the origin of metals in the intergalactic medium and the universality
of the stellar initial mass function.Comment: 17 pages, 9 Figures, Accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of
the Royal Astronomical Societ
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Concurrent Use of Tobacco and Cannabis and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems in US Youths.
ImportanceLittle is known about whether concurrent use of tobacco and cannabis is associated with higher or lower levels of mental health problems than use of either substance alone among youths.ObjectiveTo examine the association between concurrent use of tobacco and cannabis and mental health problems in a national sample of US youths.Design, setting, and participantsThis cross-sectional study analyzed publicly available wave 6 data within the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study, a nationally representative cohort study of US youths aged 14 to 17 years, collected from March to November 2021. This analysis used wave 6 single-wave weights to obtain statistically valid estimates for cross-sectional analyses generalizable to the wave 4 cohort sample. Data were analyzed from November 15, 2023, to April 20, 2024.ExposurePast 30-day use of any tobacco and cannabis products was self-reported and categorized into 4 exclusive patterns: concurrent, tobacco only, cannabis only, and nonuse.Main outcomes and measuresSelf-reported past-year internalizing and externalizing mental health problems were measured using the modified version of the Global Appraisal of Individual Needs-Short Screener and separately categorized into 3 levels: low (0-1 symptoms), moderate (2-3 symptoms), and high (≥4 symptoms).ResultsA total of 5585 youths were included in the study, with a weighted proportion of 51.3% being male and 72.5% aged 15 to 17 years. In terms of race and ethnicity, 1606 youths (25.7%) were Hispanic, 626 (12.7%) were non-Hispanic Black, 2481 (50.5%) were non-Hispanic White, and 555 (11.0%) were non-Hispanic other. The prevalence of concurrent use (3.4% [95% CI, 2.9%-4.0%]) was comparable to tobacco-only use (3.9% [95% CI, 3.2%-4.6%]), but greater than cannabis-only use (2.5% [95% CI, 2.1%-2.9%]). High levels of internalizing and externalizing problems were most common for the concurrent use group (internalizing: 47.4% [95% CI, 39.2%-55.9%]; externalizing: 61.6% [95% CI, 54.1%-68.7%]), followed by the cannabis-only use group (internalizing: 44.8% [95% CI, 35.7%-54.1%]; externalizing: 48.5% [95% CI, 39.1%-57.9%]), the tobacco-only use group (internalizing: 41.4% [95% CI, 33.7%-49.5%]; externalizing: 46.3% [95% CI, 38.3%-54.5%]), and the nonuse group (internalizing: 22.4% [95% CI, 21.1%-23.8%]; externalizing: 30.4% [95% CI, 28.9%-31.9%]). After controlling for covariates in ordinal logistic regression models, concurrent use of tobacco and cannabis was associated with greater odds of reporting higher levels of externalizing problems compared with tobacco-only use (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.83 [95% CI, 1.15-2.91]) and cannabis-only use (AOR, 1.85 [95% CI, 1.11-3.06]). However, there were no statistically significant differences in the odds of internalizing problems between concurrent use and use of tobacco or cannabis alone.Conclusions and relevanceIn this cross-sectional study of the PATH Study wave 6 youth data, concurrent use of tobacco and cannabis was linked to higher levels of externalizing mental health problems than use of single substances, indicating a potential need to combine mental health support with tobacco and cannabis cessation interventions for youths
Abundances and rotational temperatures of the C2 interstellar molecule towards six reddened early-type stars
Using high-resolution (~85000) and high signal-to-noise ratio (~200) optical
spectra acquired with the European Southern Observatory Ultraviolet and Visual
Echelle Spectrograph, we have determined the interstellar column densities of
C2 for six Galactic lines of sight with E(B- V) ranging from 0.33 to 1.03. For
our purposes, we identified and measured absorption lines belonging to the (1,
0), (2, 0) and (3, 0) Phillips bands A1{\Pi}u-X1{\Sigma}+g. We report on the
identification of a few lines of the C2 (4, 0) Phillips system towards HD
147889. The curve-of-growth method is applied to the equivalent widths to
determine the column densities of the individual rotational levels of C2. The
excitation temperature is extracted from the rotational diagrams. The physical
parameters of the intervening molecular clouds (e.g. gas kinetic temperatures
and densities of collision partners) were estimated by comparison with the
theoretical model of excitation of C2.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures, MNRAS 201
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