The governance of formal university–industry interactions: understanding the rationales for alternative models

This article develops a conceptual framework to explain the economic rationale underpinning the choice of different modes of governance of formal university–industry interactions: personal contractual interactions, where the contract regulating the collaboration involves a firm and an individual academic researcher, and institutional interactions, where the relationship between the firm and the academic is mediated by the university. Although institutional interactions, for numerous reasons, have become more important, both governance modes are currently being implemented. We would argue that they have some important specificities that need to be understood if university–industry knowledge transfer is to be managed effectively and efficiently

Training Package for Emergency Medical Teams Deployed to Disaster Stricken Areas: Has 'TEAMS' Achieved its Goals?

In spite of their good intentions, Emergency Medical Teams (EMTs) were relatively disorganized for many years. To enhance the efficient provision of EMT's field team work, the Training for Emergency Medical Teams and European Medical Corps (TEAMS) project was established. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness and quality of the TEAMS training package in 2 pilot training programs in Germany and Turkey. A total of 19 German and 29 Turkish participants completed the TEAMS training package. Participants were asked to complete a set of questionnaires designed to assess self-efficacy, team work, and quality of training. The results suggest an improvement for both teams' self-efficacy and team work. The self-efficacy scale improved from 3.912 (± 0.655 SD) prior to training to 4.580 (± 0.369 SD) after training (out of 5). Team work improved from 3.085 (± 0.591 SD) to 3.556 (± 0.339 SD) (out of 4). The overall mean score of the quality of the training scale was 4.443 (± 0.671 SD) (out of 5). In conclusion, The TEAMS Training Package for Emergency Medical Teams has been demonstrated to be effective in promoting EMT team work capacities, and it is considered by its users to be a useful and appropriate tool for addressing their perceived needs

Induced surface fluxes: A new framework for attributing Arctic sea ice volume balance biases to specific model errors

This is the final version. Available on open access from EGU via the DOI in this recordCode availability. The code used to create the fields of induced surface flux bias is written in Python and is provided as a Supplement (directory “ISF”). The code used to create Figs. 1–9, as well as Fig. B1, is also provided (directory “Figures”). In addition, the routines used to estimate errors in the ISF analysis are provided (directory “Analysis”). Finally, the code used to create Table 1 is provided (directory “Tables”). A set of auxiliary routines used by most of the above are also provided (directory “Library”). Most routines make use of the open-source Iris library, and several make use of the open-source Cartopy library.Data availability. Monthly mean ice thickness, ice fraction, snow thickness and surface radiation, as well as daily surface temperature and surface radiation, for the historical simulations of HadGEM2-ES, are available from the CMIP5 archive at https://cmip.llnl.gov/cmip5/data_portal.html (last access: February 2018). NSIDC ice concentration and melt onset data can be downloaded at http://nsidc.org/data/NSIDC-0051 (last access: May 2017; Cavalieri et al., 1996) and http://nsidc.org/data/NSIDC-0105 (last access: March 2016; Anderson et al., 2011) respectively. PIOMAS ice thickness data can be downloaded at http://psc.apl.uw.edu/research/projects/arctic-sea-ice-volume-anomaly/data/ (last access: March 2016; Zhang and Rothrock, 2003). ERAI surface radiation data can be downloaded at http://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/data/interim-full-daily/levtype=sfc/ (last access: September 2016; Dee et al., 2011). ISCCP-FD surface radiation data are available at https://isccp.giss.nasa.gov/projects/browse_fc.html (last access: October 2015; Zhang et al., 2004). CERES surface radiation data are available at https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/ceres-ebaf. (last access: August 2014; Loeb et al., 2009)A new framework is presented for analysing the proximate causes of model Arctic sea ice biases, demonstrated with the CMIP5 model HadGEM2-ES (Hadley Centre Global Environment Model version 2 - Earth System). In this framework the Arctic sea ice volume is treated as a consequence of the integrated surface energy balance, via the volume balance. A simple model allows the local dependence of the surface flux on specific model variables to be described as a function of time and space. When these are combined with reference datasets, it is possible to estimate the surface flux bias induced by the model bias in each variable. The method allows the role of the surface albedo and ice thickness-growth feedbacks in sea ice volume balance biases to be quantified along with the roles of model bias in variables not directly related to the sea ice volume. It shows biases in the HadGEM2-ES sea ice volume simulation to be due to a bias in spring surface melt onset date, partly countered by a bias in winter downwelling longwave radiation. The framework is applicable in principle to any model and has the potential to greatly improve understanding of the reasons for ensemble spread in the modelled sea ice state. A secondary finding is that observational uncertainty is the largest cause of uncertainty in the induced surface flux bias calculation.Joint UK BEIS/Defra Met Office Hadley Centre Climate ProgrammeEuropean Union Horizon 2020Natural Environment Research Council (NERC

Qualitative behaviour assessment in intensively and extensively reared lambs

Qualitative behaviour assessment (QBA, from the AWIN welfare assessment protocol for sheep) relies on the ability of humans to integrate perceived details of behaviour into descriptors with emotional connotation that can be scaled and added to other quantitative indicators. The complete AWIN protocol was performed in 14 groups (6 extensive, 2 semi-intensve and 6 intensive rearing system) of 15 young lambs (2 months of age) participating in the EcoLamb project (ERA-Net SusAn funded), which aims to holistically evaluate lamb production sustainability (meat quality, ecological footprint and animal welfare). Data on QBA (items were being scaled from 0 –absence- to 10 -all the animals fully expressed the evaluated item-), familiar approach and fleece quality tests were subjected to descriptive statistics analyses and showed herein. Extensively reared lambs scored higher in descriptors such as aggressive, defensive, physically uncomfortable or apathetic, whereas intensively reared lambs showed higher values in descriptors such as agitated and fearful but also in other as active, sociable, vigorous, subdued, calm, inquisitive and assertive. Semi-intensively reared lambs scored in between. All the animals ruminated to some extent (when observed), the quality of the fleece was always acceptable and no stereotypes were recorded. Minor lameness problems were observed in one extensive farm. Regarding familiar approach, all animals (except in one farm) voluntarily approached to human, despite a flight distance of 2 to 4 m was observed at the beginning. Although animal welfare is a real complex matter to be assessed, do animals from different rearing systems express different degree of positive emotional state?info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Calidad de la Tithonia diversifolia en una zona del Valle del Cauto

13 páginas, 5 tablas.This experiment was carried out with the objective of determining the nutritive value of Tithonia diversifolia to different bud ages during the two periods of the year. A 0.5 ha field was used, where a standardization cut at 15 cm high from the soil was applied at the beginning of each period. The ages taken into consideration were 60, 120 and 180 days, and the elements evaluated were the RP, the fibrous fractioning, the dry matter In vitro digestibility, the wall cell digestibility and the tanins. To this purpose, a random- block design with three treatments and four repetitions was used through the application of a double classification analysis, and the average results were compared by means of the multiple ranges Duncan test. The statistical program utilized was Statiics version 6.0 for Windows. In the chapter that deals with the analysis of the results, it is evident that the dry matter, NDF, ADF, ADL, Hemicellulous, TF, TCT, CTAF and FTC increased their content (29. 47 %, 50. 51 %, 32. 12 %, 32. 12 %, 18. 39 %, 6.47, 13. 11, 10. 12, and 2. 99 g/kg respectively) at the age of 180 days, whereas the raw protein, the cellulous, the cell content, the In vitro digestibility and the wall cell digestibility decreased with their highest value (28.95, 21.08, 56.34, 78.59 y 76.61 %) at the age of 60 days. As a conclusion, age had a marked effect on the behavior of the evaluated elements, which was stronger during the rainy season, decreasing the nutritive quality.Trabajo realizado con financiación del Programa de Cooperación Interuniversitaria e Investigación Científica de la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (Proyecto AECID A/023167/09).Peer Reviewe

The impact of equilibrating hemispheric albedos on tropical performance in the HadGEM2-ES coupled climate model

AcceptedArticle in Press©2015. The Authors. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.©2015. The Authors. The Earth's hemispheric reflectances are equivalent to within±0.2Wm-2, even though the Northern Hemisphere contains a greater proportion of higher reflectance land areas, because of greater cloud cover in the Southern Hemisphere. This equivalence is unlikely to be by chance, but the reasons are open to debate. Here we show that equilibrating hemispheric albedos in the Hadley Centre Global Environment Model version 2-Earth System coupled climate model significantly improves what have been considered longstanding and apparently intractable model biases. Monsoon precipitation biases over all continental land areas, the penetration of monsoon rainfall across the Sahel, the West African monsoon "jump", and indicators of hurricane frequency are all significantly improved. Mechanistically, equilibrating hemispheric albedos improves the atmospheric cross-equatorial energy transport and increases the supply of tropical atmospheric moisture to the Hadley cell. We conclude that an accurate representation of the cross-equatorial energy transport appears to be critical if tropical performance is to be improved

An evaluation of clouds and precipitation in convection-permitting forecasts for South Africa

Since 2016, the South African Weather Service (SAWS) has been running convective-scale simulations to assist with forecast operations across southern Africa. These simulations are run with a tropical configuration of the Met Office Unified Model (UM), nested in the Met Office global model, but without data assimilation. For November 2016, convection-permitting simulations at 4.4-km and 1.5-km grid length are compared against a simulation at 10-km grid length with convection parametrization (the current UM global atmosphere configuration) to identify the benefits of increasing model resolution for forecasting convection across southern Africa. The simulations are evaluated against satellite rainfall estimates, CloudSat vertical cloud profiles, and SAWS radar data. In line with previous studies using the UM, on a monthly time scale, the diurnal cycle of convection and the distribution of rainfall rates compare better against observations when convection-permitting model configurations are used. The SAWS radar network provides a three-dimensional composite of radar reflectivity for northeast South Africa at 6-minute intervals, allowing the evaluation of the vertical development of precipitating clouds and of the timing of the onset of deep convection. Analysis of four case study days indicates that the 4.4-km simulations have a later onset of convection than the 1.5-km simulations, but there is no consistent bias of the simulations against the radar observations across the case studies

The impact of equilibrating hemispheric albedos on tropical performance in the HadGEM2-ES coupled climate model

The Earth's hemispheric reflectances are equivalent to within ± 0.2 Wm-2, even though the Northern Hemisphere contains a greater proportion of higher reflectance land areas, because of greater cloud cover in the Southern Hemisphere. This equivalence is unlikely to be by chance, but the reasons are open to debate. Here we show that equilibrating hemispheric albedos in the Hadley Centre Global Environment Model version 2-Earth System coupled climate model significantly improves what have been considered longstanding and apparently intractable model biases. Monsoon precipitation biases over all continental land areas, the penetration of monsoon rainfall across the Sahel, the West African monsoon 'jump', and indicators of hurricane frequency are all significantly improved. Mechanistically, equilibrating hemispheric albedos improves the atmospheric cross-equatorial energy transport and increases the supply of tropical atmospheric moisture to the Hadley cell. We conclude that an accurate representation of the cross-equatorial energy transport appears to be critical if tropical performance is to be improved

Viruses Previously Identified in Brazil as Belonging to HIV-1 CRF72_BF1 Represent Two Closely Related Circulating Recombinant Forms, One of Which, Designated CRF122_BF1, Is Also Circulating in Spain

Circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) are important components of the HIV-1 pandemic. Those derived from recombination between subtype B and subsubtype F1, with 18 reported, most of them of South American origin, are among the most diverse. In this study, we identified a HIV-1 BF1 recombinant cluster that is expanding in Spain, transmitted mainly via heterosexual contact, which, analyzed in near full-length genomes in four viruses, exhibited a coincident BF1 mosaic structure, with 12 breakpoints, that fully coincided with that of two viruses (10BR_MG003 and 10BR_MG005) from Brazil, previously classified as CRF72_BF1. The three remaining Brazilian viruses (10BR_MG002, 10BR_MG004, and 10BR_MG008) previously identified as CRF72_BF1 exhibited mosaic structures highly similar, but not identical, to that of the Spanish viruses and to 10BR_MG003 and 10BR_MG005, with discrepant subtypes in two short genome segments, located in pol and gp120env. Based on these results, we propose that the five viruses from Brazil previously identified as CRF72_BF1 actually belong to two closely related CRFs, one comprising 10BR_MG002, 10BR_MG004, and 10BR_MG008, which keep their CRF72_BF1 designation, and the other, designated CRF122_BF1, comprising 10BR_MG003, 10BR_MG005, and the viruses of the identified Spanish cluster. Three other BF1 recombinant genomes, two from Brazil and one from Italy, previously identified as unique recombinant forms, were classified as CRF72_BF1. CRF122_BF1, but not CRF72_BF1, was associated with protease L89M substitution, which was reported to contribute to antiretroviral drug resistance. Phylodynamic analyses estimate the emergence of CRF122_BF1 in Brazil around 1987. Given their close phylogenetic relationship and similar structures, the grouping of CRF72_BF1 and CRF122_BF1 in a CRF family is proposed.This work was funded through Acción Estratégica en Salud Intramural (AESI), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, projects “Estudios Sobre Vigilancia Epidemiológica Molecular del VIH-1 en España”, PI16CIII/00033, and “Epidemiología Molecular del VIH-1 en España y su Utilidad Para Investigaciones Biológicas y en Vacunas“, PI19CIII/00042, and through scientific agreement with Consellería de Sanidade, Government of Galicia (MVI 1004/16).S