An overview of the approaches for automotive safety integrity levels allocation

YesISO 26262, titled Road Vehicles–Functional Safety, is the new automotive functional safety standard for passenger vehicle industry. In order to accomplish the goal of designing and developing dependable automotive systems, ISO 26262 uses the concept of Automotive Safety Integrity Levels (ASILs), the adaptation of Safety Integrity Levels. ASILs are allocated to the components and subsystems that can cause system failure and malfunctions that lead to hazards. ASILs allocation is a hard problem consists of finding the optimal allocation of safety levels to the system architecture which must guarantee that the highest safety requirements are met while development cost of the automotive system is kept minimum. There were many successful attempts to solve this problem using different techniques. However, it is worth pointing out that there is an absence of a review that provides an in-depth study of all the existing methods and highlights their merits and demerits. This paper presents an overview of different approaches that were used to solve ASILs allocation problem. The review provides an overview of safety requirements including the related standards followed by a study of the resolution methods of the existing approaches. The study of each approach provides a detailed explanation of the used methodology and a discussion of its strength and weaknesses including the main open challenges

New sterically stabilized vesicles based on nonionic surfactant, cholesterol, and poly(ethylene glycol)-cholesterol conjugates.

Monomethoxypoly(ethylene glycol) cholesteryl carbonates (M-PEG-Chol) with polymer chain molecular weights of 1000 (M-PEG1000-Chol) and 2000 (M-PEG2000-Chol) have been newly synthesized and characterized. Their aggregation behavior in mixture with diglycerol hexadecyl ether (C16G2) and cholesterol has been examined by cryotransmission electron microscopy, high-performance gel exclusion chromatography, and quasielastic light scattering. Nonaggregated, stable, unilamellar vesicles were obtained at low polymer levels with optimal shape and size homogeneity at cholesteryl conjugate/ lipids ratios of 10 mol% M-PEG1000-Chol or 5 mol% M-PEG2000-Chol, corresponding to the theoretically predicted brush conformational state of the PEG chains. At 20 mol% M-PEG1000-Chol or 10 mol% M-PEG2000-Chol, the saturation threshold of the C16G2/cholesterol membrane in polymer is exceeded, and open disk-shaped aggregates are seen in coexistence with closed vesicles. Higher levels up to 30 mol% lead to the complete solubilization of the vesicles into disk-like structures of decreasing size with increasing PEG content. This study underlines the bivalent role of M-PEG-Chol derivatives: while behaving as solubilizing surfactants, they provide an efficient steric barrier, preventing the vesicles from aggregation and fusion over a period of at least 2 weeks

Coexistence de deux espèces cryptiques de chauves-souris en Guyane française : apprentissages à partir de la génétique de l’acoustique et de l’écologie

International audienceDans le but de rechercher quels mécanismes facilitent la coexistence des espèces cryptiques, nous avons estimé les divergences génétiques, acoustiques, morphologiques et écologiques entre deux chauves-souris néotropicales du lignage Pteronotus parnellii. La distinction entre lignages a été faite antérieurement dans d'autres études à partir de la génétique, la morphologie et l'acoustique, dans le but de séparer ces deux espèces qui vivent dans les mêmes cavités en Guyane française ; mais soit la taille d'échantillon était trop faible quand les données génétiques et morphologiques étaient disponibles en même temps sur les mêmes individus, soit les données diverses étaient collectées sur des individus différents..

ALD/PEALD CMOS Compatible Oxide for Resistive RAM

International audienc

Grating writing in structured optical fibers

Grating writing in structured optical fibers is reviewed. Various laser sources have been used including UV and near IR nanosecond and femtosecond lasers, each enabling different material processing regimes. The issue of scattering is modeled through simulation and compared with experiment. Good agreement has been established