Transplacental transmission of field and rescued strains of BTV-2 and BTV-8 in experimentally infected sheep

Transplacental transmission of bluetongue virus has been shown previously for the North European strain of serotype 8 (BTV-8) and for tissue culture or chicken egg-adapted vaccine strains but not for field strains of other serotypes. In this study, pregnant ewes (6 per group) were inoculated with either field or rescued strains of BTV-2 and BTV-8 in order to determine the ability of these viruses to cross the placental barrier. The field BTV-2 and BTV-8 strains was passaged once in Culicoides KC cells and once in mammalian cells. All virus inoculated sheep became infected and seroconverted against the different BTV strains used in this study. BTV RNA was detectable in the blood of all but two ewes for over 28 days but infectious virus could only be detected in the blood for a much shorter period. Interestingly, transplacental transmission of BTV-2 (both field and rescued strains) was demonstrated at high efficiency (6 out of 13 lambs born to BTV-2 infected ewes) while only 1 lamb of 12 born to BTV-8 infected ewes showed evidence of in utero infection. In addition, evidence for horizontal transmission of BTV-2 between ewes was observed. As expected, the parental BTV-2 and BTV-8 viruses and the viruses rescued by reverse genetics showed very similar properties to each other. This study showed, for the first time, that transplacental transmission of BTV-2, which had been minimally passaged in cell culture, can occur; hence such transmission might be more frequent than previously thought

Global Distribution of Non-algal Particles From Ocean Color Data and Implications for Phytoplankton Biomass Detection

In the last few decades, phytoplankton biomass has been commonly studied from space. However, satellite analysis of non-algal particles (NAPs), including heterotrophic bacteria and viruses, is relatively recent. In this work, we estimate the backscattering coefficient associated with the NAP fraction that does not covary with chlorophyll based on satellite particulate backscattering coefficient and chlorophyll (bbpNAP). bbpNAP is computed at 100-km resolution using 19 years of monthly satellite data. We find clear differences in bbpNAP between northern and southern oceans. High bbpNAP values are found in the Arctic and Southern Oceans, the North Atlantic area influenced by the Gulf Stream current, as well as shelf regions (i.e., Patagonian shelf) affected by upwelling regimes. Low correlation between chlorophyll and backscattering prevents precise bbpNAP estimations in oligotrophic areas (e.g., subtropical gyres). These bbpNAP estimations lead to a reduction to half in satellite-based phytoplankton biomass estimates respect to previously published results

Ocean carbon from space: Current status and priorities for the next decade

This is the final version. Available on open access from Elsevier via the DOI in this recordData availability: Data for Fig. 1a were generated from a free Scopus (https://www.scopus.com/) search of the terms "Ocean carbon satellite" (using All fields) in March 2022. Data from Fig. 1b and 1c were generated from the workshop registration and are available within the figure (participation number, geographical representation and gender split).The ocean plays a central role in modulating the Earth’s carbon cycle. Monitoring how the ocean carbon cycle is changing is fundamental to managing climate change. Satellite remote sensing is currently our best tool for viewing the ocean surface globally and systematically, at high spatial and temporal resolutions, and the past few decades have seen an exponential growth in studies utilising satellite data for ocean carbon research. Satellite-based observations must be combined with in-situ observations and models, to obtain a comprehensive view of ocean carbon pools and fluxes. To help prioritise future research in this area, a workshop was organised that assembled leading experts working on the topic, from around the world, including remote-sensing scientists, field scientists and modellers, with the goal to articulate a collective view of the current status of ocean carbon research, identify gaps in knowledge, and formulate a scientific roadmap for the next decade, with an emphasis on evaluating where satellite remote sensing may contribute. A total of 449 scientists and stakeholders participated (with balanced gender representation), from North and South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Oceania. Sessions targeted both inorganic and organic pools of carbon in the ocean, in both dissolved and particulate form, as well as major fluxes of carbon between reservoirs (e.g., primary production) and at interfaces (e.g., air-sea and land–ocean). Extreme events, blue carbon and carbon budgeting were also key topics discussed. Emerging priorities identified include: expanding the networks and quality of in-situ observations; improved satellite retrievals; improved uncertainty quantification; improved understanding of vertical distributions; integration with models; improved techniques to bridge spatial and temporal scales of the different data sources; and improved fundamental understanding of the ocean carbon cycle, and of the interactions among pools of carbon and light. We also report on priorities for the specific pools and fluxes studied, and highlight issues and concerns that arose during discussions, such as the need to consider the environmental impact of satellites or space activities; the role satellites can play in monitoring ocean carbon dioxide removal approaches; economic valuation of the satellite based information; to consider how satellites can contribute to monitoring cycles of other important climatically-relevant compounds and elements; to promote diversity and inclusivity in ocean carbon research; to bring together communities working on different aspects of planetary carbon; maximising use of international bodies; to follow an open science approach; to explore new and innovative ways to remotely monitor ocean carbon; and to harness quantum computing. Overall, this paper provides a comprehensive scientific roadmap for the next decade on how satellite remote sensing could help monitor the ocean carbon cycle, and its links to the other domains, such as terrestrial and atmosphere.European Space AgencySimons FoundationUK National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO)UKRIAtlantic Meridional Transect ProgrammeSwiss National Science Foundatio

Multi Objective Optimization for Sustainable Manufacturing, Application in Turning

International audienceAs manufacturing converts raw materials into products, environmental wastes and emissions are simultaneously generated from the consumption of materials and energy during the manufacturing processes. Then, sustainable manufacturing is defined as the creation of manufactured products using processes that minimize negative environmental impacts, conserve energy and natural resources and that are safe on employees, communities and consumers. Such an approach requires a compromise between ecological and economic aspects to meet the pillars of sustainable development. This paper presents the implementation of particle swarm tool in order to solve multi-objective optimization for sustainable manufacturing. Hence, this study might serve as part of a global approach to model sustainable manufacturing. The main objective of this approach is to develop operations that allow production with respect of ecological, economic and technological constraints. We developed a case study on the cutting conditions during turning at the end of our study

Discerning dominant temporal patterns of bio-optical properties in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea (BOUSSOLE site)

© 2019 A wavelet analysis has been applied, for the first time, to 3-year high-frequency field observations of bio-optical properties (i.e. chlorophyll-fluorescence, beam attenuation and backscattering coefficients) in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea (BOUSSOLE site), in order to identify their dominant temporal patterns and evolution. A cross-wavelet and coherence analysis has also been applied to paired bio-optical coefficients time-series at the BOUSSOLE site, which allows identifying the temporal relationship between the cycles of the bio-optical properties. Annual, six- and four-month, intra-seasonal (i.e., mid- and short-terms) cycles are identified from the time-series analysis. The periodicities of chlorophyll-fluorescence, beam attenuation and particulate backscattering coefficients correlate well at different temporal scales and specific seasons. At annual, six- and four-month scales, different bio-optical properties follow rather similar patterns, likely driven by physical forcing. Intra-seasonal variability consists in both mid- and short-term variations. The former dominates during the winter and are related to episodic bloom events, while the latter variations (i.e., diel) prevail during summer, in a stratified water column

Grain size and compositional trends of sediments Posidonia oceanica meadows to beach shore, Sardinia, western Mediterranean.

Inputs of biogenic carbonate sediment from Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows to four beaches of the Sinis peninsula (Sardinia, western Mediterranean) were evaluated. Beach and continental shelf sediment samples were analysed for grain size distribution and composition, biogenic vs. siliciclastic, in order to identify the provenance of beach sediments and sediment transport pathways. Seabed mapping was carried out in order to identify the distribution of meadows and sediment deposits offshore. Shelf sediments were collected in unvegetated sites and in P. oceanica meadows. Sediment from unvegetated sites were coarse sands and gravel, mainly siliciclastic (biogenic carbonate content is 3-7%). Sediments from P. oceanica meadows were coarse sand, mainly biogenic (carbonate contents varying between 60 and 90%). Beach sediments showed bimodal grain size distribution (59% of samples) resulting from mixing of coarser siliciclastic with finer biogenic materials in variable proportions. Biogenic carbonate contents in beach sediments range from 0 to 90%, reaching the highest values in offshore samples. Analysis of grain size and compositional trends from shelf to beach sediments highlighted that the latter originate from two different sources: erosion of granitic outcrops, providing the siliciclastic component, and export of sediments from P. oceanica meadows, providing biogenic material. P. oceanica meadows also influence shore dynamics by contributing towards maintaining the beach sediment budget