La progression quantitative et qualitative de l’information grise dans le cycle de la compétitivité des entreprises

This article aims to replace the usual distinction made in the 1990s between the “white information” “gray information” or “black information” taking account of the double mutation of the global economy. In one hand, it focuses on the important quantitative progression of the “gray information” in the competitiveness cycle, which is due to the quantitative globalization of information flows. On the other hand, and it’s without a doubt the most important for competitive intelligence, the article emphasizes the qualitative change of the “gray information” due to the transition to a knowledge-based economy and the emergence of new forms of competition wish appeared with the pressure of globalization

Le DataMart Terrain: une nouvelle solution décisionnelle capable de maîtriser l’information réellement utile à l’entreprise

Cet article vise à démontrer, à travers une étude de cas, comment un DataMart pour les informations d’origine terrain, informations qui gagnent en supériorité qualitative avec la double mutation de l’économie mondiale, contribue à l’animation, au pilotage et à la pérennité d’un dispositif de veille terrain. En effet, déployer un DataMart terrain dans une organisation permet de développer de nouvelles techniques d’animations au profit des acteurs du dispositif de la veille terrain, d’orienter la décision organisationnelle en produisant de véritables indices de « ROI », et d’estimer l’apport de l’information d’origine terrain, dans l’amélioration des avantages concurrentiels durables de l’entreprise

Comment transformer l’information d’origine terrain en un levier de compétitivité des entreprises?

Since three decades, the world economy had known the rules of price competitiveness, the nonprice competitiveness and, today, the informational competitiveness. This new kind of competiveness is able to think the opposing movement of competition and cooperation and also needs a new way of thinking to transform information into useful knowledge and a new way of acting defined by a pro-active management able to use useful information, knowledge and skills in concrete actions. In using informational competitiveness, companies have understood that the useful information for acting has changed of nature with the arrival of the world knowledge economy founded on immaterial capital assets. In order to increase their competitiveness, companies need to build a qualitative analysis of information, in being able to capture and analyze all the weak signals among the world environment, in order to be able to make correct expectations about future markets. Within the different kinds of information, the «in-the-field» information plays a role for increasing the competitiveness of companies. The «in-the-field» information, difficult to collect, permits to announce future changes. The «in-the-field» information, by nature unknown by all the actors of the economy, also authorizes to firms to win competitiveness. Our paper analyses the literature of the management in the «in-the-field» information monitoring. The originality of our paper is to propose a process able to formalize technical, functional and organizational monitoring systems which mix the «in-the-field» information with the web information. For the companies, mixing tacit information with published information authorizes better organizational decision making. We at the end propose an application of this «in-the-field» monitoring system for the case of a private company

The Decline of Remarriage: Evidence From German Village Populations in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

Family reconstitution data for fourteen German village populations permit the examination of remarriage during the eighteenth and nineteenth cen turies. The results provide compelling evidence for a secular decline in the tenden cy to remarry. Pronounced age and sex differentials in the likelihood of remar riage were evident: widows were far less likely to remarry than widowers, and the probability of remarriage declined rapidly with age, particularly for women. The probability of remarriage was also inversely associated with the number and age of children. There were, however, no clear differences in either the probability of remarriage or its tendency to decline over time among major occupational groups. The decline in remarriage probabilities was caused in part by declines in adult mortality, which gradually raised the ages of surviving spouses to levels at which remarriage has historically been rather unlikely. However, age-specific marriage probabilities also declined, affecting both men and women and all oc cupational groups, suggesting the presence of a social change of wide scope. Some comments on possible factors contributing to the decline of remarriage are presented. The need for a comprehensive explanation of remarriage trends and differentials remains an important challenge for family historians.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68212/2/10.1177_036319908501000103.pd

A História da Alimentação: balizas historiográficas

Os M. pretenderam traçar um quadro da História da Alimentação, não como um novo ramo epistemológico da disciplina, mas como um campo em desenvolvimento de práticas e atividades especializadas, incluindo pesquisa, formação, publicações, associações, encontros acadêmicos, etc. Um breve relato das condições em que tal campo se assentou faz-se preceder de um panorama dos estudos de alimentação e temas correia tos, em geral, segundo cinco abardagens Ia biológica, a econômica, a social, a cultural e a filosófica!, assim como da identificação das contribuições mais relevantes da Antropologia, Arqueologia, Sociologia e Geografia. A fim de comentar a multiforme e volumosa bibliografia histórica, foi ela organizada segundo critérios morfológicos. A seguir, alguns tópicos importantes mereceram tratamento à parte: a fome, o alimento e o domínio religioso, as descobertas européias e a difusão mundial de alimentos, gosto e gastronomia. O artigo se encerra com um rápido balanço crítico da historiografia brasileira sobre o tema

Rethinking Debt: The Evolution of Private Credit Markets in Preindustrial France

This paper focuses on traditional private credit markets in eighteenth-century France through the examination of notarized loan deeds and to a lesser extent civil court records. It examines in particular how credit markets functioned and how they developed in the eighteenth century. It argues that traditional credit markets featured norms of solidarity, cooperation and fairness, and allowed considerable flexibility and input from both creditors and debtors. But in the middle of the eighteenth century, this market experienced several major changes. Not only did the volume of exchange and the number of notarized credit contracts dramatically increase, engendering a standardization of contracts and a greater resort to external institutions, but a new group of investors modified the traditional norms and practices of exchange. This paper concludes that the private credit market shifted from an institution in which input, negotiation and flexibility prevailed to a more rigid institution in which rules and rigour applied.debt in pre-industrial Europ