The Response, Operability, and Type of Surgery Following Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Sudanese Patients with Locally Advanced Breast Cancer

Background:Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) treatment has become the standard treatment for locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) in many centers worldwide. Objectives: This study evaluates the short-term response of patients with LABC to NACT and its impact on operability and the type of surgery. Patients and Methods: This is a descriptive analytical hospital-based study including 147 patients with LABC who were presented to Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Unit at Soba University hospital (SUH), between January 2012 and December 2014, and were treated with NACT. Clinical and pathological responses to neoadjuvant chemotherapy were evaluated according to Union for International Cancer Control criteria, operability, and the type of surgery performed was also recorded. Results: All patients were females, the mean age was 43 ± 7 years, of them 53.7% were pre-menopausal, 51% presented with a breast lump, 19.7% with nipple discharge, and 19% with skin changes and ulceration. The mean initial tumor size was 7 cm ± SD. Following NACT, complete clinical response was reported in 30 patients (20.4%), partial clinical response in 92(62.6%), stable clinical response in 20 (13.6%), and five (3.4%) had progressive clinical response. Initial smaller tumors (size < 5 cm) showed a better clinical response to NACT as 76.7% of complete clinical response was achieved.Pathological complete response was achieved in 25(17%) patients, pathological partial response in 102(74.1%), and pathological stable disease in 13(8.8%). Following NACT, breast conserving surgery was performed in 78(53.1%) patients, Modified Radical Mastectomy in 64(43.5%), 25 of them had Latissimus Dorsi, and five patients were not offered surgery as they developed progressive disease during the study period. Conclusion: Following NACT, it was possible to perform surgery in more than 96% of patients with LABC

Synthesis and studying the antitumor activity of novel 5-(2-methylbenzimidazol-5-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-thiones

The influence of the incorporation of 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring into 2-methyl-1H-benzimidazole derivatives producing a series of substituted 5(6)-(2-methylbenzimidazol-5-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles on the antitumor activity was studied in this study. The antitumor activity of the new compounds was tested against breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and lung cancer cell line A549. S-5-(2-methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl 2-nitrobenzenesulfonothioate (9) showed potent activity against both MCF-7 and A549 cell lines. Whereas, compounds 7, 11-13 and 15-17 have moderate growth inhibitory activity on the two cell lines

Solution-Printed Organic Semiconductor Blends Exhibiting Transport Properties on Par with Single Crystals

Solution-printed organic semiconductors have emerged in recent years as promising contenders for roll-to-roll manufacturing of electronic and optoelectronic circuits. The stringent performance requirements for organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) in terms of carrier mobility, switching speed, turn-on voltage and uniformity over large areas require performance currently achieved by organic single-crystal devices, but these suffer from scale-up challenges. Here we present a new method based on blade coating of a blend of conjugated small molecules and amorphous insulating polymers to produce OTFTs with consistently excellent performance characteristics (carrier mobility as high as 6.7 cm2V−1s−1, low threshold voltages of \u3c1V and low sub threshold swings \u3c0.5Vdec−1). Our findings demonstrate that careful control over phase separation and crystallization can yield solution-printed polycrystalline organic semiconductor films with transport properties and other figures of merit on par with their single-crystal counterparts

Overview on Juvenile Primary Fibromyalgia Syndrome

JPFS (juvenile primary fibromyalgia syndrome) is a musculoskeletal pain illness that affects children and adolescents. The intricacy of the clinical picture in JPFS has not been adequately characterized in the literature. JFMS symptoms are sometimes difficult to compare to adult fibromyalgia syndrome since many of them are "medically unexplained" and frequently overlap with other medical disorders.  The etiology of the illness is multifaceted, with impaired central pain processing being a significant contributor. Musculoskeletal pain that is severe and pervasive is the defining symptom. Other signs and symptoms include headaches, stiffness, subjective joint swelling, sleep and mood disorders, and headaches. Multiple sensitive spots might be found during a physical examination. The diagnosis has certain criteria and is clinical. Early detection and treatment are crucial. The gold standard of care combines a variety of modalities, but most significantly, exercise and cognitive behavioral therapy. The outlook varies, and symptoms might last well into adulthood. Discussing the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, and management of JPFS is the goal of the review

Reduced voltage losses yield 10% efficient fullerene free organic solar cells with >1 V open circuit voltages

Optimization of the energy levels at the donor–acceptor interface of organic solar cells has driven their efficiencies to above 10%. However, further improvements towards efficiencies comparable with inorganic solar cells remain challenging because of high recombination losses, which empirically limit the open-circuit voltage (Voc) to typically less than 1 V. Here we show that this empirical limit can be overcome using non-fullerene acceptors blended with the low band gap polymer PffBT4T-2DT leading to efficiencies approaching 10% (9.95%). We achieve Voc up to 1.12 V, which corresponds to a loss of only Eg/q − Voc = 0.5 ± 0.01 V between the optical bandgap Eg of the polymer and Voc. This high Voc is shown to be associated with the achievement of remarkably low non-geminate and non-radiative recombination losses in these devices. Suppression of non-radiative recombination implies high external electroluminescence quantum efficiencies which are orders of magnitude higher than those of equivalent devices employing fullerene acceptors. Using the balance between reduced recombination losses and good photocurrent generation efficiencies achieved experimentally as a baseline for simulations of the efficiency potential of organic solar cells, we estimate that efficiencies of up to 20% are achievable if band gaps and fill factors are further optimized

The Value of Watching How Materials Grow: A Multimodal Case Study on Halide Perovskites

Material synthesis is one of the most important aspects in humankinds’ endeavor to discover and create new materials for energy applications. One strategy to tailor materials with desired functions in a rational way is by knowing how functions relate to structure, synthetic variables, arrangement of atoms and molecules, and how functions evolve during synthesis. In order to accelerate materials synthesis, discovery, and optimization by 10 times it is the right time now to integrate computational tools, synthesis, and characterization. One particular barrier to realizing this concept is the understanding of when and how phases form in real time during synthesis, which is challenging to asses by existing theoretical frameworks. In addition, transient or metastable phases with positive free energy above the lowest-free energy ground state can be revealed by such real time (in situ) measurements. Metastable materials are ubiquitous in condensed matter and can show superior properties compared to their equilibrium form. This essay discusses the value of emerging multimodal in situ characterizations exemplified on hybrid halide perovskites. Finally, the ways in which the implementation of in situ measurements can advance the materials science synthesis field as well as their role to enable close-loop feedback control and autonomous synthesis are discussed