9 research outputs found

    Socio-spatial analysis of social media data

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    Peer reviewe

    The impact of COVID-19 on daily lives of transnational people based on smartphone data : Estonians in Finland

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    Global crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic affect both the functioning of our societies and the daily lives of people. Yet the impact of the crisis and its mitigation measures have exerted disproportionate influence on different population groups. In March – May 2020, COVID-19 mitigation measures such as closures of national borders affected transnational people who cross borders frequently for work, shopping, services, family reasons and socialising. We have examined the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the daily lives of transnational Estonians residing in Finland, based on a unique longitudinal smartphone tracking survey. Findings show that besides a drastic but expected decrease in trans-nationals’ spatial mobility, the pandemic has especially affected their cross-border mobility patterns to and time spent in Estonia. Interestingly, during the lockdown, some transnationals decided to stay not in their primary home in Finland, but in Estonia. Mobile phone communication activity followed moderately the downward trend of spatial mobility, but the crisis changed the division of communication partners by country: Finnish contacts diminished, whereas Estonian partners remained active. We reflect on our findings for future research and discuss the applicability of the smart-phone tracking approach for capturing the socio-spatial interactions of transnational people.Peer reviewe

    Activity Spaces and Big Data Sources in Segregation Research : A Methodological Review

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    The activity space approach is increasingly mobilized in spatial segregation research to broaden its scope from residential neighborhoods to other socio-spatial contexts of people. Activity space segregation research is an emerging field, characterized by quick adaptation of novel data sources and interdisciplinary methodologies. In this article, we present a methodological review of activity space segregation research by identifying approaches, methods and data sources applied. First, our review highlights that the activity space approach enables segregation to be studied from the perspectives of people, places and mobility flows. Second, the results reveal that both traditional data sources and novel big data sources are valuable for studying activity space segregation. While traditional sources provide rich background information on people for examining the social dimension of segregation, big data sources bring opportunities to address temporality, and increase the spatial extent and resolution of analysis. Hence, big data sources have an important role in mediating the conceptual change from a residential neighborhood-based to an activity space-based approach to segregation. Still, scholars should address carefully the challenges and uncertainties that big data entail for segregation studies. Finally, we propose a framework for a three-step methodological workflow for activity space segregation analysis, and outline future research avenues to move toward more conceptual clarity, integrated analysis framework and methodological rigor.Peer reviewe

    VÀlisriikide kogemus madala haridustasemega tÀiskasvanute tasemekoolitusse tagasitoomisel ja nn teise vÔimaluse hariduse korraldamisel

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    Uuring annadb ĂŒlevaate madala haridustasemega (ilma pĂ”hi- vĂ”i keskhariduseta) tĂ€iskasvanute tasemeĂ”ppesse tagasitoomise viisidest ja parimatest praktikatest viie riigi - LĂ€ti, Leedu, Soome, Taani ja Rootsi – nĂ€itel. Seejuures antakse ĂŒlevaade viisidest, kuidas on korraldatud Ă”ppijate tagasitoomine pĂ”hi- ja ĂŒldkeskharidust omandama ning tĂ€iskasvanutele suunatud ĂŒldhariduse sisust, mahust, Ă”ppekorraldusest ning tulemuslikkusest. Riikide ĂŒlevaated tuginevad kirjandusel ning ekspertintervjuudel, kogutud materjalide pĂ”hjal antakse soovitusi ka Eestile tĂ€iskasvanute tasemeĂ”ppe edasiseks korraldamiseks

    Capturing segregation through space and time: New insights from the activity space approach and big data

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    The city of the twenty-first century is a site of diversity, connection, and opportunity – if it is not segregated. Yet, research shows that segregation – spatial separation of social groups – is an irrefutable reality in cities around the world and the levels are on the rise. Seen as a threat to the well-being and life opportunities of minorities and the disadvantaged, and to social cohesion more broadly, the increasing levels of segregation have raised concerns among both researchers and policymakers. However, an adequate prevention and mitigation of segregation is a complex task that requires in-depth understanding of its various manifestations. The vast body of segregation research focusses on residential separation of social groups. While the place of residence is undoubtedly important, little is known about how segregation unfolds over people’s daily lives beyond residential neighbourhoods. At the same time, the last decades have brought along several theoretical and methodological advances in social sciences. Among other developments, the increasing employment of the activity space approach and spatial big data is broadening our opportunities to examine segregation across people’s activity locations and mobility. By building on these advances, my thesis aims to provide a novel understanding about the variations of segregation across space and time. First, the thesis discusses the main conceptual and methodological contributions of the activity space approach to segregation research. Second, it explores the benefits and limitations of spatial big data, and in particular mobile phone data, in studying activity space segregation. Third, it examines how segregation unfolds across people's activity spaces at multiple temporal scales. And finally, it discusses how the activity space approach can inform urban policy making to address segregation. The thesis consists of a literature review on activity space segregation research (Article I) and of three empirical studies. The studies focus on the ethnic differences in activity spaces in Tallinn, Estonia (Article II), on residential communities’ daily use of urban space in Helsinki, Finland (Article III), and on the COVID-19-induced changes in daytime social diversity in Stockholm, Sweden (Article IV). My empirical studies combine approaches and methods from segregation and activity space research, and apply mobile phone data as the main data source. Overall, my thesis shows that the activity space approach has enriched segregation research by introducing new perspectives, methods, and data sources, and thereby has allowed a broader capture of the spatial, temporal and social dimension of segregation. Conceptually, the thesis argues that the activity space approach has provided means to study segregation from different perspectives – people, places and mobility flows. From the methodological point of view, I suggest that mobile phone data are one of the most suitable data sources for studying dynamic population-level segregation patterns. My empirical findings are threefold. First, they show that segregation is residential, but also non-residential – people are segregated across their activity spaces, not just at home. Second, my findings indicate that segregation is habitual, but even more non-habitual. That is, socio-spatial differences tend to deepen beyond people’s daily routine activity spaces. And third, the comparisons between social groups show that segregation is dynamic, but durable – the relative isolation of disadvantaged communities persists from residential neighbourhoods to activity spaces. Finally, this thesis calls for broadening the scope of neighbourhood-centred social mix policies to address segregation throughout people’s daily lives.Nykyisin kaupunki on moninaisuuden, yhteyksien ja mahdollisuuksien tyyssija, jos se ei ole segregoitunut. Tutkimusten mukaan segregaatio – sosiaalisten ryhmien alueellinen eriytyminen – on kuitenkin lĂ€snĂ€ maailman kaupungeissa ja lisÀÀntyy entisestÀÀn. LisÀÀntyvĂ€ segregaatio, joka koetaan uhkana vĂ€hemmistöjen ja haavoittuvaisimmassa asemassa olevien ihmisten hyvinvoinnille ja yhdenvertaisille mahdollisuuksille sekĂ€ laajemmin yhteiskunnan yhteenkuuluvuudelle, on nostanut huolta tutkijoiden ja poliittisten pÀÀttĂ€jien keskuudessa. Segregaation estĂ€minen ja hillitseminen riittĂ€vĂ€llĂ€ tasolla on monimutkainen tehtĂ€vĂ€, joka edellyttÀÀ syvĂ€llistĂ€ ymmĂ€rrystĂ€ segregaation eri ilmenemismuodoista. Lukuisissa segregaatiotutkimuksissa on tarkasteltu sosiaalisten ryhmien eriytymistĂ€ asuinalueittain. Asuinalue – koti ja sen lĂ€hiympĂ€ristö – on epĂ€ilemĂ€ttĂ€ merkittĂ€vĂ€ osa ihmisen arkea, mutta tiedĂ€mme vain vĂ€hĂ€n siitĂ€, miten segregaatio nĂ€yttĂ€ytyy ihmisten muilla elĂ€mĂ€nalueilla asumisen ulkopuolella. Sosiaalisten ryhmien alueellinen eriytyminen työpaikoilla, kouluissa, palveluiden kĂ€ytön ja ostoksilla kĂ€ymisen sekĂ€ vapaa-ajan vietossa ja liikenteessĂ€ tarkoittaa sitĂ€, ettĂ€ ihmisillĂ€ on yhĂ€ vĂ€hemmĂ€n mahdollisuuksia kohdata erilaisista taustoista tulevia ihmisiĂ€ ja kokea kaupunkitilan moninaisuus. YhteiskuntatieteissĂ€ on viimeisten vuosikymmenten aikana nĂ€hty useita teoreettisia ja metodologisia edistysaskeleita segregaation ymmĂ€rtĂ€miseksi ihmisten elĂ€mĂ€ssĂ€. Esimerkiksi ihmisen toiminnallisen alueen (activity space) kĂ€sitteen hyödyntĂ€minen ja digitaalisten massa-aineistojen (big data) lisÀÀntyvĂ€ kĂ€yttö tarjoavat entistĂ€ paremmat mahdollisuudet tarkastella segregaatiota ihmisten arjen toimintojen ja liikkumisen nĂ€kökulmasta. HyödyntĂ€mĂ€llĂ€ nĂ€itĂ€ uusia mahdollisuuksia pyrin vĂ€itöskirjassani tarjoamaan uutta ymmĂ€rrystĂ€ segregaatiosta ajan ja tilan nĂ€kökulmaa hyödyntĂ€en. VĂ€itöskirjassani tarkastelen aluksi toiminnallisen alueen kĂ€sitteellistĂ€ ja menetelmĂ€llistĂ€ vaikutusta segregaatiotutkimukseen. Toiseksi kĂ€sittelen digitaalisten paikkaan sidottujen massa-aineistojen, erityisesti matkapuhelinaineistojen, etuja ja rajoitteita ihmisten toiminnallisten alueiden segregaatiota kĂ€sittelevĂ€ssĂ€ tutkimuksessa. Kolmanneksi selvitĂ€n, miten segregaatio ilmenee tarkasteltaessa ihmisten toiminnallisia alueita useilla ajallisilla tasoilla ja sen dynaamista vaihtelua. Lopuksi pohdin, miten ihmisen toiminnallisen alueen lĂ€hestymistapa voi auttaa kaupunkipolitiikkaa kasvavaan segregaatioon puuttumisessa. VĂ€itöskirjani koostuu toiminnallisen alueen segregaatiotutkimusta koskevasta kirjallisuuskatsauksesta (ensimmĂ€inen artikkeli) ja kolmesta empiirisestĂ€ tutkimuksesta. Tutkimuksissani tarkastelen etnisiĂ€ eroja ihmisten toiminnallisten alueiden vĂ€lillĂ€ Tallinnassa (toinen artikkeli), asuinyhteisöjen pĂ€ivittĂ€istĂ€ kaupunkitilan kĂ€yttöÀ HelsingissĂ€ (kolmas artikkeli) ja koronapandemiasta johtuvia muutoksia sosiaalisessa moninaisuudessa pĂ€ivĂ€saikaan Tukholmassa (neljĂ€s artikkeli). EmpiirisissĂ€ tutkimuksissani yhdistelen segregaatiotutkimuksen ja toiminnallisten alueiden tutkimuksen lĂ€hestymistapoja ja menetelmiĂ€ sekĂ€ kĂ€ytĂ€n matkapuhelinaineistoa pÀÀasiallisena tiedonlĂ€hteenĂ€. VĂ€itöstutkimukseni osoittaa, ettĂ€ ihmisen toiminnallisen alueen lĂ€hestymistapa on rikastuttanut segregaatiotutkimusta merkittĂ€vĂ€sti tuomalla siihen uusia nĂ€kökulmia, menetelmiĂ€ ja tiedonlĂ€hteitĂ€ laajentaen nĂ€in ymmĂ€rrystĂ€ segregaation alueellisista, ajallisista ja yhteiskunnallisista ulottuvuuksista. KĂ€sitteellisesti vĂ€itöskirjassani todetaan, ettĂ€ toiminnallisen alueen menetelmĂ€ tarjoaa mahdollisuuden tutkia segregaatiota eri puolilta – ihmisten, paikkojen ja liikkuvuuden nĂ€kökulmista. Metodologian osalta esitĂ€n, ettĂ€ matkapuhelinaineisto on yksi parhaiten soveltuvia tiedonlĂ€hteitĂ€ dynaamisten segregaatiorakenteiden tutkimiseen vĂ€estötasolla. Empiiriset pÀÀtulokseni voidaan jakaa kolmeen osaan. EnsinnĂ€kin tulokseni osoittavat segregaation liittyvĂ€n asuinalueeseen kuitenkaan olematta tĂ€ysin asuinalueisiin liittyvĂ€ – ihmiset eriytyvĂ€t myös toiminnallisten alueiden, eivĂ€t vain kotiensa, nĂ€kökulmasta. Toisekseen tuloksista voi pÀÀtellĂ€, ettĂ€ segregaatio liittyy arjen sÀÀnnölliseen, mutta sitĂ€kin enemmĂ€n epĂ€sÀÀnnölliseen vapaa-ajan toimintaan. Toisin sanoen, ihmisten vĂ€lisillĂ€ sosio-spatiaalisilla eroilla on taipumus korostua tavanomaisten arjen toimintojen ulkopuolelle, kuten vapaa-ajan vietossa, harrastusten parissa ja perinteisten juhlapĂ€ivien aikana. Kolmanneksi sosiaalisten ryhmien vĂ€liset vertailut osoittavat, ettĂ€ segregaatio on ajassa muuttuvaa, mutta pysyvÀÀ ilmiö – haavoittuvaisimmassa asemassa olevien yhteisöjen suhteellinen eriytyminen jatkuu asuinalueilta heidĂ€n muille elĂ€mĂ€nalueille. Lopuksi, vĂ€itöskirjassani nostan esiin tarpeen laajentaa asuinaluekeskeistĂ€ sosiaalisen sekoittamisen periaatetta kaupunkipolitiikassa huomioimaan alueellinen eriytyminen kokonaisuudessaan ihmisten kaikilla elĂ€mĂ€nalueilla – asuminen, työ ja opiskelu, palvelut, vapaa aika ja harrastukset sekĂ€ arkiliikkuminen kaupunkitilassa

    Ethnic differences in activity spaces as a characteristic of segregation: a study based on mobile phone usage in Tallinn, Estonia

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    Given ongoing developments altering social and spatial cohesion in urban societies, a more comprehensive understanding of segregation is needed. Taking the mobilities turn' at heart, we move beyond place-based segregation approaches and focus on the practised urban experiences of individuals through a more comprehensive assessment of their activity spaces. This study contributes to people-based segregation research by mapping the activity spaces of individuals on the basis of mobile phone data in Tallinn (Estonia) and relating these activity spaces to (mainly) the users' ethnic background (i.e. Estonian versus Russian). Significant ethnic differences in terms of (1) the number of activity locations, (2) the geographical distribution of these locations, and (3) the overall spatial extent of activity spaces are found. We also find that these differences tend to deepen as the temporal framework is extended. We discuss the main implications for segregation research and highlight some avenues for further research

    Segregation and the pandemic: The dynamics of daytime social diversity during COVID-19 in Greater Stockholm

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    In this study, we set out to understand how the changes in daily mobility of people during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in spring 2020 influenced daytime spatial segregation. Rather than focusing on spatial separation, we approached this task from the perspective of daytime socio-spatial diversity – the degree to which people from socially different neighbourhoods share urban space during the day. By applying mobile phone data from Greater Stockholm, Sweden, the study examines weekly changes in 1) daytime social diversity across different types of neighbourhoods, and 2) population groups' exposure to diversity in their main daytime activity locations. Our findings show a decline in daytime diversity in neighbourhoods when the pandemic broke out in mid-March 2020. The decrease in diversity was marked in urban centres, and significantly different in neighbourhoods with different socio-economic and ethnic compositions. Moreover, the decrease in people's exposure to diversity in their daytime activity locations was even more profound and long-lasting. In particular, isolation from diversity increased more among residents of high-income majority neighbourhoods than of low-income minority neighbourhoods. We conclude that while some COVID-19-induced changes might have been temporary, the increased flexibility in where people work and live might ultimately reinforce both residential and daytime segregation.Peer reviewe

    Nordic Entrepreneurship Check 2016

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    Although the Nordic countries have innovative economies with a skilled and well educated population, entrepreneurship culture has not been our strongest feature.  Several efforts have been made over the last years to strengthen this culture, but there are still significant systemic and competence challenges for startups and scaleups to grow on international markets.   The Nordic Entrepreneurship Check 2016 report offers an extensive mapping and analysis of the current state of the Nordic entrepreneurial ecosystem and benchmark it against the entrepreneurship ecosystems in London, Amsterdam and Berlin.  Furthermore, the report offers policy recommendations and suggests activities to improve the Nordic entrepreneurship ecosystem and Nordic collaboration in the field of entrepreneurship. We hope the report can serve as a tool for entrepreneurs, investors and policy makers to navigate and strengthen the Nordic entrepreneurship ecosystem to improve the level of innovation and competitiveness of Nordic companies looking to grow.
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