35 research outputs found
An interdisciplinary research agenda to explore the unintended consequences of structural flood protection
One common approach to cope with floods is the implementation of structural flood protection measures, such as levees or flood-control reservoirs, which substantially reduce the probability of flooding at the time of implementation. Numerous scholars have problematized this approach. They have shown that increasing the levels of flood protection can attract more settlements and high-value assets in the areas protected by the new measures. Other studies have explored how structural measures can generate a sense of complacency, which can act to reduce preparedness. These paradoxical risk changes have been described as levee effect, safe development paradox or safety dilemma. In this commentary, we briefly review this phenomenon by critically analysing the intended benefits and unintended effects of structural flood protection, and then we propose an interdisciplinary research agenda to uncover these paradoxical dynamics of ris
Reconstructions of the coastal impact of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in the Khao Lak area, Thailand
Adaptation to flood risk: Results of international paired flood event studies
As flood impacts are increasing in large parts of the world, understanding the primary drivers
of changes in risk is essential for effective adaptation. To gain more knowledge on the basis of empirical
case studies, we analyze eight paired floods, that is, consecutive flood events that occurred in the same
region, with the second flood causing significantly lower damage. These success stories of risk reduction
were selected across different socioeconomic and hydro-climatic contexts. The potential of societies to
adapt is uncovered by describing triggered societal changes, as well as formal measures and spontaneous
processes that reduced flood risk. This novel approach has the potential to build the basis for an
international data collection and analysis effort to better understand and attribute changes in risk due to
hydrological extremes in the framework of the IAHSs Panta Rhei initiative. Across all case studies, we find
that lower damage caused by the second event was mainly due to significant reductions in vulnerability,
for example, via raised risk awareness, preparedness, and improvements of organizational emergency
management. Thus, vulnerability reduction plays an essential role for successful adaptation. Our work
shows that there is a high potential to adapt, but there remains the challenge to stimulate measures that
reduce vulnerability and risk in periods in which extreme events do not occur
Adaptation to flood risk - results of international paired flood event studies
As flood impacts are increasing in large parts of the world, understanding the primary drivers of changes in risk is essential for effective adaptation. To gain more knowledge on the basis of empirical case studies, we analyze eight paired floods, that is, consecutive flood events that occurred in the same region, with the second flood causing significantly lower damage. These success stories of risk reduction were selected across different socioeconomic and hydroâclimatic contexts. The potential of societies to adapt is uncovered by describing triggered societal changes, as well as formal measures and spontaneous processes that reduced flood risk. This novel approach has the potential to build the basis for an international data collection and analysis effort to better understand and attribute changes in risk due to hydrological extremes in the framework of the IAHSs Panta Rhei initiative. Across all case studies, we find that lower damage caused by the second event was mainly due to significant reductions in vulnerability, for example, via raised risk awareness, preparedness, and improvements of organizational emergency management. Thus, vulnerability reduction plays an essential role for successful adaptation. Our work shows that there is a high potential to adapt, but there remains the challenge to stimulate measures that reduce vulnerability and risk in periods in which extreme events do not occur
Panta Rhei benchmark dataset: socio-hydrological data of paired events of floods and droughts
As the adverse impacts of hydrological extremes increase in many regions of the world, a better understanding of the drivers of changes in risk and impacts is essential for effective flood and drought risk management and climate adaptation. However, there is currently a lack of comprehensive, empirical data about the processes, interactions and feedbacks in complex human-water systems leading to flood and drought impacts. Here we present a benchmark dataset containing socio-hydrological data of paired events, i.e., two floods or two droughts that occurred in the same area. The 45 paired events occurred in 42 different study areas and cover a wide range of socio-economic and hydro-climatic conditions. The dataset is unique in covering both floods and droughts, in the number of cases assessed, and in the quantity of socio-hydrological data. The benchmark dataset comprises: 1) detailed review style reports about the events and key processes between the two events of a pair; 2) the key data table containing variables that assess the indicators which characterise management shortcomings, hazard, exposure, vulnerability and impacts of all events; 3) a table of the indicators-of-change that indicate the differences between the first and second event of a pair. The advantages of the dataset are that it enables comparative analyses across all the paired events based on the indicators-of-change and allows for detailed context- and location-specific assessments based on the extensive data and reports of the individual study areas. The dataset can be used by the scientific community for exploratory data analyses e.g. focused on causal links between risk management, changes in hazard, exposure and vulnerability and flood or drought impacts. The data can also be used for the development, calibration and validation of socio-hydrological models. The dataset is available to the public through the GFZ Data Services (Kreibich et al. 2023, link for review: https://dataservices.gfz-potsdam.de/panmetaworks/review/923c14519deb04f83815ce108b48dd2581d57b90ce069bec9c948361028b8c85/).</p
Added floor level onto an existing residential building from the Million Programme : A comparison between CLT-elements and BoKlok-modules from a perspective of strenght and stability and differences in emissions of carbon dioxide
KlimatförĂ€ndringar och höga koldioxidutslĂ€pp Ă€r idag nĂ„gra av vĂ„r tids stora utmaningar. Byggbranschen Ă€r en stor bidragande faktor till utslĂ€ppen och i Sverige stĂ„r branschen för 10 miljoner ton koldioxidutslĂ€pp per Ă„r. Det Ă€r lika mycket som alla personbilar i landet genererar varje Ă„r. En stor del av utslĂ€ppen kan kopplas till val av material som anvĂ€nds i en byggnad. Att anvĂ€nda trĂ€ istĂ€llet för andra stommaterial ger lĂ€gre koldioxidutslĂ€pp eftersom trĂ€ binder kol under hela dess livstid. Andra utmaningar Ă€r bostadsbrist, urbanisering och förtĂ€tning av stĂ€derna. Bostadsbristen finns idag över hela landet och Boverket bedömer att ca 700 000 nya bostĂ€der behöver byggas inom de kommande 10 Ă„ren. En del av lösningen kan vara att renovera gamla byggnader och i samband med renoveringen bygga pĂ„ vĂ„ningsplan för att skapa fler bostĂ€der. Att dessutom anvĂ€nda trĂ€ vid dessa pĂ„byggnader Ă€r fördelaktigt bĂ„de ur klimatsynpunkt och bĂ€righet, eftersom trĂ€ Ă€r ett lĂ€tt stommaterial. Problematiken med bĂ„de klimatförĂ€ndringarna och stadsförtĂ€tningen gĂ„r hand i hand med Skanskas mĂ„l och visioner inför framtiden, och detta examenarbete skrivs i samarbete med dem. Ett av Skanskas renoveringsprojekt kommer att vara referensbyggnad för studien. Byggnaden Ă€r en betongkonstruktion frĂ„n miljonprogrammets tid och ligger i SödertĂ€lje utanför Stockholm. Idag genomför Skanska en totalrenovering samt bygger pĂ„ en vĂ„ning med trĂ€stomme. Syftet med studien var att belysa fördelarna med att anvĂ€nda trĂ€ som stommaterial för pĂ„byggnader, bĂ„de ur klimat- och konstruktionssynpunkt. MĂ„let med studien var att ta fram ett underlag dĂ€r antalet teoretiska vĂ„ningsplan samt genererat koldioxidutslĂ€pp för de olika pĂ„byggnadsalternativen redovisas. FrĂ„gor som besvarades under detta arbete var vilket stomalternativ i trĂ€ som teoretiskt sett möjliggör flest antal vĂ„ningsplan vid pĂ„byggnad av en befintlig byggnad. Ăven vilket av stomalternativen som ger upphov till lĂ€gst klimatpĂ„verkan i form av utslĂ€pp av koldioxidekvivalenter besvarades. Stomalternativen som studerades var planelement av korslimmat trĂ€, KL-trĂ€, frĂ„n Martinsons samt BoKlok-moduler som Ă€r volymelement av trĂ€regelstomme frĂ„n Skanska och IKEA. KlimatpĂ„verkan för de olika stomalternativen studerades utifrĂ„n systemgrĂ€ns A1-A4 som beskriver utslĂ€ppen frĂ„n produktframstĂ€llning samt transporterna frĂ„n leverantör till byggarbetsplats. StruSoft FEM-Design har anvĂ€nts för att modellera den befintliga betongbyggnaden. De tvĂ„ olika pĂ„byggnaderna har placerats ut i form av linjelaster ovanpĂ„ modellen. HĂ„llfasthetsberĂ€kningar och kontroller har genomförts för de olika pĂ„byggnaderna. Detta för att faststĂ€lla betongkonstruktionens och markens bĂ€righet samt storlek av pĂ„verkande laster. Resultatet visade att den befintliga byggnaden klarar en pĂ„byggnad med fem vĂ„ningar av sĂ„vĂ€l KL-trĂ€element som BoKlok-moduler. Dock Ă€r KL-trĂ€ tyngre. Ur klimatsynpunkt Ă€r pĂ„byggnaden av KL-trĂ€ det alternativ som genererar minst koldioxidutslĂ€pp sett till materialframstĂ€llning och transporter.Climate change and large carbon dioxide emissions are a few of today's major challenges, and the construction industry is a major contributing factor to these emissions. In Sweden, the industry accounts for 10 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions each year, which is equal to the emissions from all passenger cars in the country per year. A large part of the emissions can be traced to the materials in a building. By using wood instead of other materials, the emissions can be reduced since wood binds coal throughout its lifetime. Other challenges today are housing shortage, urbanization and urban densification. Housing shortage is an issue throughout Sweden, and the Swedish National Board of Housing estimates that approximately 700,000 new homes need to be built within the next 10 years. A part of the solution may be to renovate old buildings and, in addition to renovations, adding floors to create more housing. Additionally, using wood in these superstructures is beneficial both from a climate perspective and because wood is a lightweight material. The challenges of climate change and urban densification is in accordance with Skanska's goals and visions for the future. This report is written in collaboration with Skanska and we are looking closer at one of the company's projects in this study. The building is a concrete construction from the so called Million Programme and is located in SödertĂ€lje outside of Stockholm. Skanska is carrying out a complete renovation of the building and is adding a wood-framed top floor.The purpose of this degree project was to highlight how the choice of material can affect the emissions from future build-up projects. The purpose was also to develop a basis where the number of theoretical floor plans and the generated carbon dioxide emissions for the two alternatives are presented. Questions answered in this report were which alternative of the wooden construction that theoretically make the most amount of floors possible when building onto an existing building. Which one of the alternatives that leads to the lowest climate impact in terms of carbon dioxide equivalents is also answered. The two materials in this study were cross-laminated timber elements from Martinsons and BoKlok-modules, which are volume elements of wood stud frames from Skanska and IKEA. The climate impact of the different alternatives was based on categorization A1-A4 in the system boundary describing the material production as well as transportation from supplier to construction site. StruSoft FEM-Design has been used to model the existing concrete building. The two different attachments have been placed out as line loads on top of the model. Analysis and strength calculations have been carried out for the various additions. This is to determine the load bearing capacity of the concrete structure and the ground as well as the size of impact loads. The results showed that the concrete building could carry five floors of both CLT elements and BoKlok-modules. Despite this, the conclusion is that CLT is heavier. From a climate perspective, the CLT building is the one that generates the least carbon dioxide emissions in terms of production and transport of materials
Nurses' experience of caring for patients with dementia at the end of life : A literature review
Bakgrund: Demenssjukdom Ă€r den femte ledande orsaken till dödsfall i vĂ€rlden. Antalet patienter med demenssjukdom förutspĂ„s öka efter 2020 dĂ„ personer födda under 1940-talet nu uppnĂ„r hög Ă„lder. Demenssjukdom innebĂ€r fysisk och psykisk funktionsnedsĂ€ttning och till följd av det riskerar patienter lida av obehandlade symtom i livets slutskede. Ansvarig för dessa patienter Ă€r sjuksköterskan som förvĂ€ntas identifiera besvĂ€rande symtom och planera vĂ„rden utifrĂ„n patientens behov och förutsĂ€ttningar. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka sjuksköterskors upplevelse av att vĂ„rda patienter med demenssjukdom i livets slutskede. Metod: Litteraturstudien utfördes enligt Polit och Becks (2017) nio steg. Databaserna CINAHL och PubMed anvĂ€ndes vid sökning efter relevanta vetenskapliga artiklar. Databassökningen resulterade i tio vetenskapliga artiklar som anvĂ€ndes i litteraturstudiens resultat. Resultat: Databearbetningen och analysen resulterade i fyra teman: SvĂ„righeter att tolka patienten, LĂ€kemedelsbehandling â en utmaning, Vikten av att involvera nĂ€rstĂ„ende i vĂ„rden och Samarbete â en förutsĂ€ttning. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskors upplevelse av att vĂ„rda patienter med demenssjukdom i livets slutskede krĂ€ver kompetens i kliniska observationer. Sjuksköterskor behöver fortlöpande kompetensutveckling i sin profession för att stĂ€rka dessa observationer. AnvĂ€ndande av symtomskattningsinstrument kan vara vĂ€rdefullt för att identifiera obehag hos patienten och för att bidra till en kontinuitet i symtomlindring, dock krĂ€vs större kunskap om hur dessa instrument pĂ„ bĂ€sta sĂ€tt ska kunna appliceras pĂ„ patienter med demenssjukdom i livets slutskede
Ett nytt liv : Upplevelser av att ha överlevt ett hjÀrtstopp efter utförd hjÀrt- och lungrÀddning.
Introduktion: HjĂ€rtstopp Ă€r ett livshotande tillstĂ„nd med hög dödlighet dĂ€r hjĂ€rtats pumpförmĂ„ga har upphört att fungera. Under 2019 utfördes hjĂ€rt- och lungrĂ€ddning (HLR) pĂ„ 8404 personer till följd av ett hjĂ€rtstopp i Sverige. Patienterna som överlever hjĂ€rtstopp kan drabbas av komplikationer som kan pĂ„verka deras Ă„terhĂ€mtning och livskvalitet. Syfte: Att beskriva patienters upplevelser efter att ha överlevt ett hjĂ€rtstopp med utförd HLR. Metod: En litteraturstudie baserat pĂ„ tio kvalitativa originalartiklar frĂ„n databaserna APA PsycInfo och PubMed. Resultat: Fyra kategorier och tolv subkategorier identifierades. Mötet med vĂ„rden beskriver upplevelser av bemötandet frĂ„n vĂ„rdpersonal, patienternas informationsbehov och att utskrivningen frĂ„n sjukhuset var en kritisk period. PĂ„verkan efter hjĂ€rtstopp innefattar de fysiska och kognitiva besvĂ€r patienten upplever. KĂ€nslor efter hjĂ€rtstopp beskriver att patienterna upplevde oro och rĂ€dsla efter hjĂ€rtstoppet samt att synen pĂ„ livet och döden förĂ€ndrades. VĂ€gen tillbaka innefattar hur patienten bearbetar hĂ€ndelsen och strĂ€var efter en Ă„tergĂ„ng till normalitet. Slutsats: Att överleva ett hjĂ€rtstopp Ă€r en livsomvĂ€lvande hĂ€ndelse som medför en ny syn pĂ„ livet. Patienterna upplevde oro och rĂ€dsla inför risken för Ă€nnu ett hjĂ€rtstopp. Brist pĂ„ information skapar osĂ€kerhetskĂ€nslor hos patienterna som pĂ„verkar dem i sin vardag. Genom tillrĂ€cklig information kring hĂ€ndelsen och kĂ€nslorna som uppstĂ„r kan sjuksköterskan minska patientens oro. Genom kunskap om förĂ€ndrade familjerelationer kan sjuksköterskan bĂ€ttre möta patienter och anhöriga och hjĂ€lpa dem med de nya rollerna de numera behöver inta.Introduction: Cardiac arrest is a life-threatening condition with a high mortality where the heartâs ability to contract has ceased to function. In 2019 cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was performed on 8404 cardiac arrest patients in Sweden. Survivors face potential complications that can affect their recovery and quality of life. Aim: To describe the experiences after surviving a cardiac arrest with performed CPR. Method: A literature review based on ten qualitative original articles from the databases APA PsycInfo and PubMed. Result: Four categories and twelve subcategories were identified. The meeting with healthcare describes experiences of the treatment from healthcare workers, patients' need for information and that the discharge was a critical time. Effects after cardiac arrest includes patientsâ experiences regarding physical and cognitive difficulties. Feelings after cardiac arrest describes that the patients experienced anxiety and fear after the cardiac arrest and a changed view on life and death. The way back includes the processing of the event and the strive for normality. Conclusion: Surviving a cardiac arrest is a life-changing event that entails a new view on life. The patients experienced anxiety and fear due to the risk of another cardiac arrest. Lack of information created feelings of uncertainty in the patients that affected them in their everyday life. Through sufficient information regarding the event and the emotions that follows the nurse can ease the patients concerns. Through knowledge about changed family relations the nurse can better aid patients and relatives in their new roles
Ett nytt liv : Upplevelser av att ha överlevt ett hjÀrtstopp efter utförd hjÀrt- och lungrÀddning.
Introduktion: HjĂ€rtstopp Ă€r ett livshotande tillstĂ„nd med hög dödlighet dĂ€r hjĂ€rtats pumpförmĂ„ga har upphört att fungera. Under 2019 utfördes hjĂ€rt- och lungrĂ€ddning (HLR) pĂ„ 8404 personer till följd av ett hjĂ€rtstopp i Sverige. Patienterna som överlever hjĂ€rtstopp kan drabbas av komplikationer som kan pĂ„verka deras Ă„terhĂ€mtning och livskvalitet. Syfte: Att beskriva patienters upplevelser efter att ha överlevt ett hjĂ€rtstopp med utförd HLR. Metod: En litteraturstudie baserat pĂ„ tio kvalitativa originalartiklar frĂ„n databaserna APA PsycInfo och PubMed. Resultat: Fyra kategorier och tolv subkategorier identifierades. Mötet med vĂ„rden beskriver upplevelser av bemötandet frĂ„n vĂ„rdpersonal, patienternas informationsbehov och att utskrivningen frĂ„n sjukhuset var en kritisk period. PĂ„verkan efter hjĂ€rtstopp innefattar de fysiska och kognitiva besvĂ€r patienten upplever. KĂ€nslor efter hjĂ€rtstopp beskriver att patienterna upplevde oro och rĂ€dsla efter hjĂ€rtstoppet samt att synen pĂ„ livet och döden förĂ€ndrades. VĂ€gen tillbaka innefattar hur patienten bearbetar hĂ€ndelsen och strĂ€var efter en Ă„tergĂ„ng till normalitet. Slutsats: Att överleva ett hjĂ€rtstopp Ă€r en livsomvĂ€lvande hĂ€ndelse som medför en ny syn pĂ„ livet. Patienterna upplevde oro och rĂ€dsla inför risken för Ă€nnu ett hjĂ€rtstopp. Brist pĂ„ information skapar osĂ€kerhetskĂ€nslor hos patienterna som pĂ„verkar dem i sin vardag. Genom tillrĂ€cklig information kring hĂ€ndelsen och kĂ€nslorna som uppstĂ„r kan sjuksköterskan minska patientens oro. Genom kunskap om förĂ€ndrade familjerelationer kan sjuksköterskan bĂ€ttre möta patienter och anhöriga och hjĂ€lpa dem med de nya rollerna de numera behöver inta.Introduction: Cardiac arrest is a life-threatening condition with a high mortality where the heartâs ability to contract has ceased to function. In 2019 cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was performed on 8404 cardiac arrest patients in Sweden. Survivors face potential complications that can affect their recovery and quality of life. Aim: To describe the experiences after surviving a cardiac arrest with performed CPR. Method: A literature review based on ten qualitative original articles from the databases APA PsycInfo and PubMed. Result: Four categories and twelve subcategories were identified. The meeting with healthcare describes experiences of the treatment from healthcare workers, patients' need for information and that the discharge was a critical time. Effects after cardiac arrest includes patientsâ experiences regarding physical and cognitive difficulties. Feelings after cardiac arrest describes that the patients experienced anxiety and fear after the cardiac arrest and a changed view on life and death. The way back includes the processing of the event and the strive for normality. Conclusion: Surviving a cardiac arrest is a life-changing event that entails a new view on life. The patients experienced anxiety and fear due to the risk of another cardiac arrest. Lack of information created feelings of uncertainty in the patients that affected them in their everyday life. Through sufficient information regarding the event and the emotions that follows the nurse can ease the patients concerns. Through knowledge about changed family relations the nurse can better aid patients and relatives in their new roles