Modellgestützter Entwurf von Feldgeräteapplikationen

Die Entwicklung von Feldgeräten ist ein äußerst komplexer Vorgang, welcher auf vielen Vorrausetzungen aufsetzt, diverse Anforderungen und Randbedingungen mitbringt und bisher wenig beachtet und veröffentlicht wurde. Angesichts der fortschreitenden Digitalisierung drängen immer mehr Anbieter auf den Automatisierungsmarkt. So sind aktuell zunehmend Technologien und Ansätze aus dem Umfeld des Internet of Things im Automatisierungsbereich zu finden. Diese Ansätze reichen von Sensoren ohne die in der Industrie üblichen Beschreibungen bis hin zu Marktplätzen, auf denen Integratoren und Anwender Softwareteile für Anlagen kaufen können. Für die neuen Anbieter, die häufig nicht aus dem klassischen Automatisierungsgeschäft kommen, sind die bisher bestehenden Modelle, Funktionalitäten, Profile und Beschreibungsmittel nicht immer leicht zu verwenden. So entstehen disruptive Lösungen auf Basis neu definierter Spezifikationen und Modelle. Trotz dieser Disruptivität sollte es das Ziel sein, die bewährten Automatisierungsfunktionen nicht neu zu erfinden, sondern diese effektiv und effizient in Abhängigkeit der Anforderungen auf unterschiedlichen Plattformen zu verwenden. Dies schließt ihre flexible Verteilung auf heterogene vernetzte Ressourcen explizit ein. Dabei können die Plattformen sowohl klassische Feldgeräte und Steuerungen sein, als auch normale Desktop-PCs und IoT-Knoten. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, eine Werkzeugkette für den modellbasierten Entwurf von Feldgeräteapplikationen auf Basis von Profilen und damit für den erweiterten Entwurf von verteilten Anlagenapplikationen zu entwickeln. Dabei müssen die verschiedenen Beschreibungsmöglichkeiten evaluiert werden, um diese mit detaillierten Parameter- und Prozessdatenbeschreibungen zu erweitern. Außerdem sollen modulare Konzepte genutzt und Vorbereitungen für die Verwendung von Semantik im Entwurfsprozess getroffen werden. In Bezug auf den Geräteengineeringprozess soll der Anteil des automatisierten Geräteengineerings erweitert werden. Dies soll zu einer Flexibilisierung der Geräteentwicklung führen, in der die Verschaltung der funktionalen Elemente beim Endkunden erfolgt. Auch das Deployment von eigenen funktionalen Elementen auf die Geräte der Hersteller soll durch den Endkunden möglich werden. Dabei wird auch eine automatisierte Erstellung von Gerätebeschreibungen benötigt. Alle diese Erweiterungen ermöglichen dann den letzten großen Schritt zu einer verteilten Applikation über heterogene Infrastrukturen. Dabei sind die funktionalen Elemente nicht nur durch die Gerätehersteller verteilbar, sondern diese können auch auf verschiedenen Plattformen unterschiedlicher Gerätehersteller verwendet werden. Damit einher geht die für aktuelle Entwicklungen wie Industrie 4.0 benötigte geräteunabhängige Definition von Funktionalität. Alle im Engineering entstandenen Informationen können dabei auf den unterschiedlichen Ebenen der Automatisierungspyramide und während des Lebenszyklus weiterverwendet werden. Eine Integration diverser Gerätefamilien außerhalb der Automatisierungstechnik wie z. B. IoT-Geräte und IT-Geräte ist damit vorstellbar. Nach einer Analyse der relevanten Techniken, Technologien, Konzepte, Methoden und Spezifikationen wurde eine Werkzeugkette für den modellgestützten Entwurf von Feldgeräten entwickelt und die benötigten Werkzeugteile und Erweiterungen an bestehenden Beschreibungen diskutiert. Dies Konzept wurde dann auf den verteilten Entwurf auf heterogener Hardware und heterogenen Plattformen erweitert, bevor beide Konzepte prototypisch umgesetzt und evaluiert wurden. Die Evaluation erfolgt an einem zweigeteilten Szenario aus der Sicht eines Geräteherstellers und eines Integrators. Die entwickelte Lösung integriert Ansätze aus dem Kontext von Industrie 4.0 und IoT. Sie trägt zu einer vereinfachten und effizienteren Automatisierung des Engineerings bei. Dabei können Profile als Baukasten für die Funktionalität der Feldgeräte und Anlagenapplikationen verwendet werden. Bestehende Beschränkungen im Engineering werden somit abgeschwächt, so dass eine Verteilung der Funktionalität auf heterogene Hardware und heterogene Plattformen möglich wird und damit zur Flexibilisierung der Automatisierungssysteme beiträgt.The development of field devices is a very complex procedure. Many preconditions need to be met. Various requirements and constrains need to be addressed. Beside this, there are only a few publications on this topic. Due to the ongoing digitalization, more and more solution providers are entering the market of the industrial automation. Technologies and approaches from the context of the Internet of Things are being used more and more in the automation domain. These approaches range from sensors without the typical descriptions from industry up to marketplaces where integrators and users can buy software components for plants. For new suppliers, who often do not come from the classical automation business, the already existing models, functionalities, profiles, and descriptions are not always easy to use. This results in disruptive solutions based on newly defined specifications and models. Despite this disruptiveness, the aim should be to prevent reinventing the proven automation functions, and to use them effectively, and efficiently on different platforms depending on the requirements. This explicitly includes the flexible distribution of the automation functions to heterogeneous networked resources. The platforms can be classical field devices and controllers, as well as normal desktop PCs and IoT nodes. The aim of this thesis is to develop a toolchain for the model-based design of field device applications based on profiles, and thus also suitable for the extended design of distributed plant applications. Therefore, different description methods are evaluated in order to enrich them with detailed descriptions of parameters and process data. Furthermore, c oncepts of modularity will also be used and preparations will be made for the use of semantics in the design process. With regard to the device engineering process, the share of automated device engineering will be increased. This leads to a flexibilisation of the device development, allowing the customer to perform the networking of the functional elements by himself. The customer should also be able to deploy his own functional elements to the manufacturers' devices. This requires an automated creation of device descriptions. Finally, all these extensions will enable a major step towards using a distributed application over heterogeneous infrastructures. Thus, the functional elements can not only be distributed by equipment manufacturers, but also be distributed on different platforms of different equipment manufacturers. This is accompanied by the device-independent definition of functionality required for current developments such as Industry 4.0. All information created during engineering can be used at different levels of the automation pyramid and throughout the life cycle. An integration of various device families from outside of Automation Technology, such as IoT devices and IT devices, is thus conceivable. After an analysis of the relevant techniques, technologies, concepts, methods, and specifications a toolchain for the model-based design of field devices was developed and the required tool parts, and extensions to existing descriptions were discussed. This concept was then extended to the distributed design on heterogeneous hardware and heterogeneous platforms. Finally, both concepts were prototypically implemented and evaluated. The evaluation is based on a two-part scenario from both the perspective of a device manufacturer, and the one of an integrator. The developed solution integrates approaches from the context of Industry 4.0 and IoT. It contributes to a simplified, and more efficient automation of engineering. Within this context, profiles can be used as building blocks for the functionality of field devices, and plant applications. Existing limitations in engineering are thus reduced, so that a distribution of functionality across heterogeneous hardware and heterogeneous platforms becomes possible and contributing to the flexibility of automation systems

Die internationalen Organisationsstrukturen im Spitzensport und die Regelwerke der Sportverbände

Der Aufbau der Verbandspyramide von Sportfachverbänden und der olympischen Bewegung folgt dem Ein-Platz-Prinzip. Dadurch entsteht in jeder Sportart eine Kette von Monopolverbänden, wobei jeder Verband einen anderen räumlichen Zuständigkeitsbereich hat. An der Spitze der Hierarchie steht der Weltverband, von dem abwärts die Verbände in der Kette bis hinunter zum regionalen Sportverein über die ordentliche Mitgliedschaft miteinander verbunden sind. Geregelt ist dieser Aufbau in den Satzungen. Der vorrangige Zweck, der damit verfolgt wird, ist, einem einheitlichen Regelwerk für die betreffende Sportart zur Geltung zu verhelfen und so eine zentrale Regelungsmacht des Weltverbandes zu begründen. Durchgesetzt werden dieser hierarchische Aufbau und das Regelwerk mit Hilfe der mannigfaltigen Sanktionsmöglichkeiten. Entscheidende Bedeutung hat dabei die Sanktion des Ausschlusses, die zumindest faktisch dazu führt, dass die übergeordnete Stellung des internationalen Verbandes und das einheitliche Regelwerk, die Sanktionen und sonstigen Entscheidungen Beachtung finden. So wird die Möglichkeit geschaffen, ein Regelwerk zentral festzusetzen und dieses bis auf die unterste Ebene der Verbandspyramide durchzusetzen, was die Entstehung eines globale Geltung beanspruchenden universellen Rechts bewirkt. Vom Ein-Platz-Prinzip gibt es einige Ausnahmen, aber auch bei diesen ist immer wieder eine Tendenz nach einer Einheitlichkeit des Sports erkennbar. Einzig die unterste Ebene, die der Sportler ist nicht über eine ordentliche Mitgliedschaft in die Verbandspyramide miteingebunden. Sie sind höchstens Mitglieder von Vereinen, nicht aber von Verbänden. Bei ihnen stellt sich deshalb die Frage, wie auch sie an das Verbandsregelwerk gebunden werden können. Satzungen können grundsätzlich nur unmittelbare Mitglieder binden. Aus diesem Grund ist zunächst einmal nur die unmittelbar nachfolgende Ebene an das Regelwerk jenes Verbandes gebunden, zu dem eine unmittelbare Mitgliedschaft besteht. In der Verbandspyramide wird aber eine Geltung von Satzungen vom jeweiligen Weltverband bis zum einzelnen Sportler und damit über den Kreis der unmittelbaren Mitglieder hinaus angestrebt. Eine Bindung über das Institut der mittelbaren Mitgliedschaft ist nicht möglich, weil es an einer Willenserklärung des potenziell Gebundenen fehlt. Eine solche Lösung findet außerdem dort ihre Grenzen, wo Sportler keine Mitglieder eines Vereins und damit auch keine mittelbaren Mitglieder eines Verbandes sind. Außerdem basiert die olympische Bewegung nicht auf Mitgliedschaften. Dieselben Probleme treten bei der Annahme einer Doppelmitgliedschaft oder einer konkludenten Mitgliedschaft auf. Satzungsketten stellen zwar eine prinzipielle Möglichkeit der Bindung über die Verbandsstufen hinweg dar, ungeklärt ist dabei aber insbesondere noch das Problem der dynamischen Verweisungen. Daneben bestehen für Sportverbände aber erhebliche Probleme deshalb, weil Satzungsketten nur schwer kontrollierbar sind. Es bedarf einer Willenserklärung des Verweisenden, meist in seiner Satzung, die aber nicht gegenüber dem Verband abgegeben wird, auf dessen Satzung verwiesen wird, sondern gegenüber einem unteren, zu dem eine unmittelbare Mitgliedschaft besteht und der deshalb die Satzung kontrolliert. Es wundert deshalb nicht, dass Umsetzungsdefizite sehr häufig sind. Satzungsketten sind somit ein unpraktikables Mittel für einen Verband, um die Bindung an sein Regelwerk auf Nichtmitglieder zu erstrecken. Es verbleibt eine individualrechtliche Lösung, die eine direkte Verbindung zwischen dem Verband und dem Nichtmitglied, das gebunden werden soll, herstellt. In der Praxis finden drei verschiedene Formen der Bindung eines Sportlers Anwendung. Die erste ist der gesondert ausgehandelte Vertrag, der jedoch sehr selten ist. Gebräuchlicher sind die zweite und die dritte Variante, die Meldung zu einem konkreten Wettkampf, mit der die Regelwerke akzeptiert werden, und die generelle Spiel- oder Starterlaubnis, aufgrund derer ein Sportler, der die Bindung anerkennt, über einen gewissen Zeitraum spielberechtigt ist. Dogmatisch ist dieser Vertrag schuldrechtlich einzuordnen. Sowohl eine arbeitsrechtliche als auch eine gesellschaftsrechtliche Qualifikation scheiden aus. Kollisionsrechtlich hat dies zur Folge, dass das Rechtsverhältnis zwischen Verband und Sportler nach dem Vertragsstatut anzuknüpfen ist. Es kann deshalb eine Rechtswahl getroffen werden. Liegt eine solche nicht vor, unterliegt der Vertrag dem Recht jenes Staates, zu dem die engste Verbindung besteht, der Vermutung nach also dem Recht jenes Staates, in dem der Vertragspartner, der die charakteristische Leistung erbringt, seinen gewöhnlichen Aufenthalt oder Sitz hat. Die charakteristische Leistung erbringt der Verband, der das Regelwerk aufstellt, weshalb der Vertrag gemäß seinem Sitz anzuknüpfen ist.The hierarchy of sport federations and of the Olympic movement is dictated by the principle that for each region only one sport federation may exist. The effect of this is, that sport federations are monopolists. The world federation is standing at the top of this hierarchy. Members of the world federation are continental federations and national federations are subordinated to these international federations. Down to the normal sports club, all levels of the sport’s hierarchy are connected by to the one above by an ordinary membership. The result is a chain of sport federations and on the bottom of the hierarchy sport clubs, which are connected by a ordinary membership with each other. This construction is laid down in the statutes of the federations. The purpose of this is to built up a centralistic power of the world federation to bring uniform valid regulations into force. These regulations and the hierarchy of the sports federations are enforced by multiple sanctions. Suspensions are the sanction with greatest importance. The effect of suspensions is nearly ever the enforcement of the regulation of the international federation, because due to the monopolistic structure it is impossible to perform high level sport outside the hierarchy. That’s why by using sanctions the international federation has the possibility to secure its position on the top of the hierarchy and to lay down the relevant regulations for everybody in sport. There are some exceptions from the principle that there can only be one sport federation for a special region. Nevertheless also these exceptions tend to a uniformity of sport. Only the very bottom of the sports hierarchy, the athlete himself, is not connected to this system by an ordinary membership to a federation. He may be an ordinary member of a sports club, but he is never an ordinary member of a sport federation. Therefore it is questionable why he is bound by regulations of international sport federations. Statutes are only binding for ordinary members. For that reason only the next lower level of the sport hierarchy is bound by the regulation of a federation. Nevertheless regulations in sport aim for a validity from the international federation to the single athlete. Such validity cannot be argued by an indirect membership of an athlete in sports federations. This would require some kind of expression of a declaration of intent, which does not existent. Besides that, there is no membership in a sport club in high level sport, on which such an indirect membership to a federation could be based on. Finally, the Olympic movement does not consist of ordinary memberships like the international federations. For the same reasons a double-membership in the sport club and in the federation or an implied membership are not feasible. Principally, chains of statutes with a reference on all other regulations, which should be observed, are a possibility for the validity of statutes for non-members. A chain of statutes with references is by no means practicable for sport federations. First, it is not clear if dynamic references are possible. Second, these chains are very hard to control and third, implementation deficits are very likely. Because of that, the only way for binding athletes are individual contracts. These contracts can be entered into in course of individual negotiations, by attending a special competition or by a licence for a longer period of time, of which the latter two are most practicable. In any way these contracts are subject to normal obligation law. Employment law or corporate law are not applicable. In international context this qualification leads to the application of the conflict of law rules for contracts. Therefore a choice of law is possible. If there is no choice of law, the law of the country where the party required to effect the characteristic performance of the contract has his habitual residence is applicable. By all means a national law must be applicable. An autonomous validity of a sports-law, consisting of the regulations made by the sport federations and maybe by the judgment of sports arbitration courts, does not exist. Arbitration courts can not apply such rules without regarding national law

A Deep Learning Approach for Gait Event Detection from a Single Shank-Worn IMU: Validation in Healthy and Neurological Cohorts

Many algorithms use 3D accelerometer and/or gyroscope data from inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors to detect gait events (i.e., initial and final foot contact). However, these algorithms often require knowledge about sensor orientation and use empirically derived thresholds. As alignment cannot always be controlled for in ambulatory assessments, methods are needed that require little knowledge on sensor location and orientation, e.g., a convolutional neural network-based deep learning model. Therefore, 157 participants from healthy and neurologically diseased cohorts walked 5 m distances at slow, preferred, and fast walking speed, while data were collected from IMUs on the left and right ankle and shank. Gait events were detected and stride parameters were extracted using a deep learning model and an optoelectronic motion capture (OMC) system for reference. The deep learning model consisted of convolutional layers using dilated convolutions, followed by two independent fully connected layers to predict whether a time step corresponded to the event of initial contact (IC) or final contact (FC), respectively. Results showed a high detection rate for both initial and final contacts across sensor locations (recall ≥92%, precision ≥97%). Time agreement was excellent as witnessed from the median time error (0.005 s) and corresponding inter-quartile range (0.020 s). The extracted stride-specific parameters were in good agreement with parameters derived from the OMC system (maximum mean difference 0.003 s and corresponding maximum limits of agreement (-0.049 s, 0.051 s) for a 95% confidence level). Thus, the deep learning approach was considered a valid approach for detecting gait events and extracting stride-specific parameters with little knowledge on exact IMU location and orientation in conditions with and without walking pathologies due to neurological diseases

Active Magnetoelectric Motion Sensing: Examining Performance Metrics with an Experimental Setup

Magnetoelectric (ME) sensors with a form factor of a few millimeters offer a comparatively low magnetic noise density of a few pT/Hz−−−√ in a narrow frequency band near the first bending mode. While a high resonance frequency (kHz range) and limited bandwidth present a challenge to biomagnetic measurements, they can potentially be exploited in indirect sensing of non-magnetic quantities, where artificial magnetic sources are applicable. In this paper, we present the novel concept of an active magnetic motion sensing system optimized for ME sensors. Based on the signal chain, we investigated and quantified key drivers of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), which is closely related to sensor noise and bandwidth. These considerations were demonstrated by corresponding measurements in a simplified one-dimensional motion setup. Accordingly, we introduced a customized filter structure that enables a flexible bandwidth selection as well as a frequency-based separation of multiple artificial sources. Both design goals target the prospective application of ME sensors in medical movement analysis, where a multitude of distributed sensors and sources might be applied

Integrated Water Vapor during Rain and Rain-Free Conditions above the Swiss Plateau

Water vapor column density, or vertically-integrated water vapor (IWV), is monitored by ground-based microwave radiometers (MWR) and ground-based receivers of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). For rain periods, the retrieval of IWV from GNSS Zenith Wet Delay (ZWD) neglects the atmospheric propagation delay of the GNSS signal by rain droplets. Similarly, it is difficult for ground-based dual-frequency single-polarisation microwave radiometers to separate the microwave emission of water vapor and cloud droplets from the rather strong microwave emission of rain. For ground-based microwave radiometry at Bern (Switzerland), we take the approach that IWV during rain is derived from linearly interpolated opacities before and after the rain period. The intermittent rain periods often appear as spikes in the time series of integrated liquid water (ILW) and are indicated by ILW ≥ 0.4 mm. In the present study, we assume that IWV measurements from radiosondes are not affected by rain. We intercompare the climatologies of IWV(rain), IWV(no rain), and IWV(all) obtained by radiosonde, ground-based GNSS atmosphere sounding, ground-based MWR, and ECMWF reanalysis (ERA5) at Payerne and Bern in Switzerland. In all seasons, IWV(rain) is 3.75 to 5.94 mm greater than IWV(no rain). The mean IWV differences between GNSS and radiosonde at Payerne are less than 0.26 mm. The datasets at Payerne show a better agreement than the datasets at Bern. However, the MWR at Bern agrees with the radiosonde at Payerne within 0.41 mm for IWV(rain) and 0.02 mm for IWV(no rain). Using the GNSS and rain gauge measurements at Payerne, we find that IWV(rain) increases with increase of the precipitation rate during summer as well as during winter. IWV(rain) above the Swiss Plateau is quite well estimated by GNSS and MWR though the standard retrievals are limited or hampered during rain periods

Quantification of Arm Swing during Walking in Healthy Adults and Parkinson's Disease Patients: Wearable Sensor-Based Algorithm Development and Validation

Neurological pathologies can alter the swinging movement of the arms during walking. The quantification of arm swings has therefore a high clinical relevance. This study developed and validated a wearable sensor-based arm swing algorithm for healthy adults and patients with Parkinson's disease (PwP). Arm swings of 15 healthy adults and 13 PwP were evaluated (i) with wearable sensors on each wrist while walking on a treadmill, and (ii) with reflective markers for optical motion capture fixed on top of the respective sensor for validation purposes. The gyroscope data from the wearable sensors were used to calculate several arm swing parameters, including amplitude and peak angular velocity. Arm swing amplitude and peak angular velocity were extracted with systematic errors ranging from 0.1 to 0.5° and from -0.3 to 0.3°/s, respectively. These extracted parameters were significantly different between healthy adults and PwP as expected based on the literature. An accurate algorithm was developed that can be used in both clinical and daily-living situations. This algorithm provides the basis for the use of wearable sensor-extracted arm swing parameters in healthy adults and patients with movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease

Changes in Coordination and Its Variability with an Increase in Functional Performance of the Lower Extremities

Clinical gait analysis has a long-standing tradition in biomechanics. However, the use of kinematic data or segment coordination has not been reported based on wearable sensors in “real-life” environments. In this work, the skeletal kinematics of 21 healthy and 24 neurogeriatric participants was collected in a magnetically disturbed environment with inertial measurement units (IMUs) using an accelerometer-based functional calibration method. The system consists of seven IMUs attached to the lower back, the thighs, the shanks, and the feet to acquire and process the raw sensor data. The Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) test was performed to relate joint kinematics and segment coordination to the overall SPPB score. Participants were then divided into three subgroups based on low (0–6), moderate (7–9), or high (10–12) SPPB scores. The main finding of this study is that most IMU-based parameters significantly correlated with the SPPB score and the parameters significantly differed between the SPPB subgroups. Lower limb range of motion and joint segment coordination correlated positively with the SPPB score, and the segment coordination variability correlated negatively. The results suggest that segment coordination impairments become more pronounced with a decreasing SPPB score, indicating that participants with low overall SPPB scores produce a peculiar inconsistent walking pattern to counteract lower extremity impairment in strength, balance, and mobility. Our findings confirm the usefulness of SPPB through objectively measured parameters, which may be relevant for the design of future studies and clinical routines

Validation of IMU-based gait event detection during curved walking and turning in older adults and Parkinson's Disease patients

Background Identification of individual gait events is essential for clinical gait analysis, because it can be used for diagnostic purposes or tracking disease progression in neurological diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Previous research has shown that gait events can be detected from a shank-mounted inertial measurement unit (IMU), however detection performance was often evaluated only from straight-line walking. For use in daily life, the detection performance needs to be evaluated in curved walking and turning as well as in single-task and dual-task conditions. Methods Participants (older adults, people with Parkinson's disease, or people who had suffered from a stroke) performed three different walking trials: (1) straight-line walking, (2) slalom walking, (3) Stroop-and-walk trial. An optical motion capture system was used a reference system. Markers were attached to the heel and toe regions of the shoe, and participants wore IMUs on the lateral sides of both shanks. The angular velocity of the shank IMUs was used to detect instances of initial foot contact (IC) and final foot contact (FC), which were compared to reference values obtained from the marker trajectories. Results The detection method showed high recall, precision and F1 scores in different populations for both initial contacts and final contacts during straight-line walking (IC: recall [Formula: see text] 100%, precision [Formula: see text] 100%, F1 score [Formula: see text] 100%; FC: recall [Formula: see text] 100%, precision [Formula: see text] 100%, F1 score [Formula: see text] 100%), slalom walking (IC: recall [Formula: see text] 100%, precision [Formula: see text] 99%, F1 score [Formula: see text]100%; FC: recall [Formula: see text] 100%, precision [Formula: see text] 99%, F1 score [Formula: see text]100%), and turning (IC: recall [Formula: see text] 85%, precision [Formula: see text] 95%, F1 score [Formula: see text]91%; FC: recall [Formula: see text] 84%, precision [Formula: see text] 95%, F1 score [Formula: see text]89%). Conclusions Shank-mounted IMUs can be used to detect gait events during straight-line walking, slalom walking and turning. However, more false events were observed during turning and more events were missed during turning. For use in daily life we recommend identifying turning before extracting temporal gait parameters from identified gait events

Cognitive dual-task cost depends on the complexity of the cognitive task, but not on age and disease

Introduction Dual-tasking (DT) while walking is common in daily life and can affect both gait and cognitive performance depending on age, attention prioritization, task complexity and medical condition. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of DT on cognitive DT cost (DTC) (i) in a dataset including participants of different age groups, with different neurological disorders and chronic low-back pain (cLBP) (ii) at different levels of cognitive task complexity, and (iii) in the context of a setting relevant to daily life, such as combined straight walking and turning. Materials and methods Ninety-one participants including healthy younger and older participants and patients with Parkinson's disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Stroke and cLBP performed a simple reaction time (SRT) task and three numerical Stroop tasks under the conditions congruent (StC), neutral (StN) and incongruent (StI). The tasks were performed both standing (single task, ST) and walking (DT), and DTC was calculated. Mixed ANOVAs were used to determine the effect of group and task complexity on cognitive DTC. Results A longer response time in DT than in ST was observed during SRT. However, the response time was shorter in DT during StI. DTC decreased with increasing complexity of the cognitive task. There was no significant effect of age and group on cognitive DTC. Conclusion Our results suggest that regardless of age and disease group, simple cognitive tasks show the largest and most stable cognitive effects during DT. This may be relevant to the design of future observational studies, clinical trials and for clinical routine