Comparative study of the effect of extraction methods on phenols and antioxidant activity of orange peel extracts Maltease variety and exploration of the inhibitory effect of corrosion of carbon steel

Ce travail de thèse est une contribution à la valorisation des écorces de l’orange « Maltaise demi-sanguine » tunisienne. L’objectif de ce travail est (i) d’étudier l’efficacité des différentes méthodes d’extraction en termes de teneurs en phénols totaux (PT), en flavonoïdes totaux (FT), en flavonoïdes individuels (FI) et en activité antioxydante des extraits et (ii) d’examiner l’effet inhibiteur de l’extrait contre la corrosion de l’acier en milieu acide et basique. Pour cela, cinq méthodes d’extraction ont été utilisées : l’extraction conventionnelle par solvant, ECS (éthanol (80%), m/v: 5g:50ml, 30 min, 35°C et agitation mécanique à l'obscurité, 3 extractions successives), l’extraction assistée par micro-ondes, EAM (éthanol (80%), m/v: 5g:50ml, 3 extractions successives, 180s, 67-108°C et 100-400W ou à 35°C), l’extraction assistée par ultrasons, EAU (éthanol (80%), m/v: 5g:50ml, 30 min, 35°C, 100-200W et 3 extractions successives), l’extraction sous haute pression, EHP (éthanol (80%), m/v: 5g:50ml, 30 min, 35°C, 0,1-100 MPa et 1 seule extraction) et l’extraction par CO2 supercritique, SC-CO2 (éthanol (80%), m/v: 5g:50ml, 30 min, 35-80°C/10-22 MPa et 3 extractions successives). Ce coproduit est riche en ingrédients fonctionnels comme les phénols totaux (1,968±0,002 g EAG/100g MS) et la vitamine C (0,105±0,003 g/100g MS). Dix flavonoïdes individuels (FI) ont été identifiés dans l’extrait des écorces de l’orange Maltaise. La néohespéridine (0,860±0,003 g/100g de poudre des écorces d’orange) et l’hespéridine (0,551±0,001 g/100g de poudre des écorces d’orange) sont les composés majoritaires. Les conditions opératoires d’extraction qui ont permis d’obtenir les teneurs les plus élevées en PT et FT sont 200 W, 76°C pendant 180s pour l’EAM, 125 W pendant 30 min à 35°C pour l’EAU, 80°C et 10 MPa pour l’extraction SC-CO2 et 50 MPa, 35°C pendant 30 min pour l'EHP. La comparaison des différentes méthodes d’extraction aux mêmes conditions opératoires (m/v:5g/50ml, éthanol 80%, 35°C, 3 extractions successives) montre que l’EAM présente les teneurs les plus élevées en PT et en FT, suivie par EAU, ECS, EHP et l’extraction SC-CO2, ainsi qu’en flavonoïdes individuels majoritaires. Cependant, la valeur de l’activité antioxydante n’est pas systématiquement corrélée à la teneur en phénols la plus élevée et elle diffère selon le test utilisé. Pour le test ABTS, l’activité antioxydante suit l’ordre décroissant suivant : EHP, ECS, SC-CO2, EAM, EAU, alors que c’est EHP, ECS, EAM, EAU, SC-CO2, pour le test DPPH. L’étude de l’effet anti-corrosion de l’extrait des écorces de l’orange Maltaise ainsi que ses composés antioxydants majoritaires (la néohespéridine, la naringine et l’acide ascorbique) a révélé une efficacité d’inhibition significative de la corrosion de l’acier par l’extrait des écorces d’orange (95%) par rapport à celle de ses composés antioxydants individuels : l’acide ascorbique (92%), la néohespéridine (87%) et la naringine (56%). Le potentiel anti-corrosion de l'extrait des écorces d'orange n’est pas due uniquement à l'activité antioxydante de ces composés mais probablement à des actions en synergie de différentes molécules et à la formation d'un film tridimensionnel de surface attribué à d’autres composés présents dans l’extrait comme la pectineThis work is a contribution to the valorization of “Maltease peel”. The objectives of this research are (i) to study the efficiency of different extraction methods in terms of total phenol contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), individual flavonoids (FI) and antioxidant activity of extracts and (ii) to examine the corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in acidic and basic medium by orange peel extract and its main antioxidant compounds. For this, five extraction methods were used: conventional solvent extraction, CSE (ethanol (80%), m/v: 5g:50ml, 30 min, 35°C, mechanical stirring in the dark and 3 successive extractions), microwave assisted extraction, MAE (ethanol (80%), m/v: 5g:50ml, 3 successive extractions, and 180s, 67-108°C, 100-400W or at 35°C), ultrasound-assisted extraction, UAE (ethanol (80%), m/v: 5g:50ml, 30 min, 35°C, 100-200W and 3 successive extraction), high-pressure extraction, HPE (ethanol (80%), m/v: 5g:50ml, 30 min, 35°C, 0,1-100 MPa and one extraction) and supercritical CO2 extraction, SC-CO2 (ethanol (80%), m/v: 5g:50ml, 30 min, 35-80°C/10-22 MPa and 3 successive extractions). This byproduct is rich in functional ingredients such as total phenols (1.96 ±0.002 g GAE/100g DM) and vitamin C (0.10±0.003 g/100g DM). Ten individual flavonoids (FI) were identified in the extract of Maltease orange peel. Neohesperidin (0.860±0.003 g/100g orange peel powder) and hesperidin (0.551±0.001 g/100g orange peel powder) are the major compounds. The operating conditions of extraction that have achieved the highest levels of total phenol and flavonoid contents are 200 W, 76°C during 180s for MAE; 125 W during 30 min at 35°C for UAE; 80°C and 10 MPa for SC-CO2 extraction and 50 MPa,35°C during 30 min for HPE. The comparison of the different extraction methods performed at the same operating conditions (m/v: 5g/50ml, 80% ethanol, 35°C, 3 successive extractions) shows that the MAE has the highest levels of TPC and TFC, followed by UAE, CSE, HPE and SC-CO2 extraction, as well as the major individual flavonoids. However, results concerning antioxidant activity cannot be correlated to TPC, TFC or individual flavonoids and it differs depending on the test used. Orange peel extracted by HPE presents higher radical scavenging capacity compared to extracts obtained by other extraction methods. Moreover, it can be noticed a significant decrease of the antioxidant activity measured by the ABTS method in the following order: HPE, CSE, SC-CO2, MAE, UAE, whereas, it is EHP, ECS, EAM, EAU, SC-CO2 extraction for DPPH test. The study of the anti-corrosion effect of the orange extract and its antioxidant compounds (neohesperidin, naringin and ascorbic acid) showed a significant inhibition effectiveness of the corrosion steel with orange peel extract (95%) relative to that of its antioxidant compounds: ascorbic acid (92%), neohesperidin (87%) and naringin (56%). The anti-corrosion efficiency of orange peel extract is not only due to the antioxidant activity of identified compounds, but probably also to a synergic effect of molecules and to the formation of a three-dimensional surface of the film. This film can be formed due to the presence of other compounds in the extract such as pecti

Étude comparative de l’effet des méthodes d’extraction sur les phénols et l’activité antioxydante des extraits des écorces de l’orange « Maltaise demi sanguine» et exploration de l’effet inhibiteur de la corrosion de l’acier au carbone

This work is a contribution to the valorization of “Maltease peel”. The objectives of this research are (i) to study the efficiency of different extraction methods in terms of total phenol contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), individual flavonoids (FI) and antioxidant activity of extracts and (ii) to examine the corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in acidic and basic medium by orange peel extract and its main antioxidant compounds. For this, five extraction methods were used: conventional solvent extraction, CSE (ethanol (80%), m/v: 5g:50ml, 30 min, 35°C, mechanical stirring in the dark and 3 successive extractions), microwave assisted extraction, MAE (ethanol (80%), m/v: 5g:50ml, 3 successive extractions, and 180s, 67-108°C, 100-400W or at 35°C), ultrasound-assisted extraction, UAE (ethanol (80%), m/v: 5g:50ml, 30 min, 35°C, 100-200W and 3 successive extraction), high-pressure extraction, HPE (ethanol (80%), m/v: 5g:50ml, 30 min, 35°C, 0,1-100 MPa and one extraction) and supercritical CO2 extraction, SC-CO2 (ethanol (80%), m/v: 5g:50ml, 30 min, 35-80°C/10-22 MPa and 3 successive extractions). This byproduct is rich in functional ingredients such as total phenols (1.96 ±0.002 g GAE/100g DM) and vitamin C (0.10±0.003 g/100g DM). Ten individual flavonoids (FI) were identified in the extract of Maltease orange peel. Neohesperidin (0.860±0.003 g/100g orange peel powder) and hesperidin (0.551±0.001 g/100g orange peel powder) are the major compounds. The operating conditions of extraction that have achieved the highest levels of total phenol and flavonoid contents are 200 W, 76°C during 180s for MAE; 125 W during 30 min at 35°C for UAE; 80°C and 10 MPa for SC-CO2 extraction and 50 MPa,35°C during 30 min for HPE. The comparison of the different extraction methods performed at the same operating conditions (m/v: 5g/50ml, 80% ethanol, 35°C, 3 successive extractions) shows that the MAE has the highest levels of TPC and TFC, followed by UAE, CSE, HPE and SC-CO2 extraction, as well as the major individual flavonoids. However, results concerning antioxidant activity cannot be correlated to TPC, TFC or individual flavonoids and it differs depending on the test used. Orange peel extracted by HPE presents higher radical scavenging capacity compared to extracts obtained by other extraction methods. Moreover, it can be noticed a significant decrease of the antioxidant activity measured by the ABTS method in the following order: HPE, CSE, SC-CO2, MAE, UAE, whereas, it is EHP, ECS, EAM, EAU, SC-CO2 extraction for DPPH test. The study of the anti-corrosion effect of the orange extract and its antioxidant compounds (neohesperidin, naringin and ascorbic acid) showed a significant inhibition effectiveness of the corrosion steel with orange peel extract (95%) relative to that of its antioxidant compounds: ascorbic acid (92%), neohesperidin (87%) and naringin (56%). The anti-corrosion efficiency of orange peel extract is not only due to the antioxidant activity of identified compounds, but probably also to a synergic effect of molecules and to the formation of a three-dimensional surface of the film. This film can be formed due to the presence of other compounds in the extract such as pectinCe travail de thèse est une contribution à la valorisation des écorces de l’orange « Maltaise demi-sanguine » tunisienne. L’objectif de ce travail est (i) d’étudier l’efficacité des différentes méthodes d’extraction en termes de teneurs en phénols totaux (PT), en flavonoïdes totaux (FT), en flavonoïdes individuels (FI) et en activité antioxydante des extraits et (ii) d’examiner l’effet inhibiteur de l’extrait contre la corrosion de l’acier en milieu acide et basique. Pour cela, cinq méthodes d’extraction ont été utilisées : l’extraction conventionnelle par solvant, ECS (éthanol (80%), m/v: 5g:50ml, 30 min, 35°C et agitation mécanique à l'obscurité, 3 extractions successives), l’extraction assistée par micro-ondes, EAM (éthanol (80%), m/v: 5g:50ml, 3 extractions successives, 180s, 67-108°C et 100-400W ou à 35°C), l’extraction assistée par ultrasons, EAU (éthanol (80%), m/v: 5g:50ml, 30 min, 35°C, 100-200W et 3 extractions successives), l’extraction sous haute pression, EHP (éthanol (80%), m/v: 5g:50ml, 30 min, 35°C, 0,1-100 MPa et 1 seule extraction) et l’extraction par CO2 supercritique, SC-CO2 (éthanol (80%), m/v: 5g:50ml, 30 min, 35-80°C/10-22 MPa et 3 extractions successives). Ce coproduit est riche en ingrédients fonctionnels comme les phénols totaux (1,968±0,002 g EAG/100g MS) et la vitamine C (0,105±0,003 g/100g MS). Dix flavonoïdes individuels (FI) ont été identifiés dans l’extrait des écorces de l’orange Maltaise. La néohespéridine (0,860±0,003 g/100g de poudre des écorces d’orange) et l’hespéridine (0,551±0,001 g/100g de poudre des écorces d’orange) sont les composés majoritaires. Les conditions opératoires d’extraction qui ont permis d’obtenir les teneurs les plus élevées en PT et FT sont 200 W, 76°C pendant 180s pour l’EAM, 125 W pendant 30 min à 35°C pour l’EAU, 80°C et 10 MPa pour l’extraction SC-CO2 et 50 MPa, 35°C pendant 30 min pour l'EHP. La comparaison des différentes méthodes d’extraction aux mêmes conditions opératoires (m/v:5g/50ml, éthanol 80%, 35°C, 3 extractions successives) montre que l’EAM présente les teneurs les plus élevées en PT et en FT, suivie par EAU, ECS, EHP et l’extraction SC-CO2, ainsi qu’en flavonoïdes individuels majoritaires. Cependant, la valeur de l’activité antioxydante n’est pas systématiquement corrélée à la teneur en phénols la plus élevée et elle diffère selon le test utilisé. Pour le test ABTS, l’activité antioxydante suit l’ordre décroissant suivant : EHP, ECS, SC-CO2, EAM, EAU, alors que c’est EHP, ECS, EAM, EAU, SC-CO2, pour le test DPPH. L’étude de l’effet anti-corrosion de l’extrait des écorces de l’orange Maltaise ainsi que ses composés antioxydants majoritaires (la néohespéridine, la naringine et l’acide ascorbique) a révélé une efficacité d’inhibition significative de la corrosion de l’acier par l’extrait des écorces d’orange (95%) par rapport à celle de ses composés antioxydants individuels : l’acide ascorbique (92%), la néohespéridine (87%) et la naringine (56%). Le potentiel anti-corrosion de l'extrait des écorces d'orange n’est pas due uniquement à l'activité antioxydante de ces composés mais probablement à des actions en synergie de différentes molécules et à la formation d'un film tridimensionnel de surface attribué à d’autres composés présents dans l’extrait comme la pectin

Amino acids and protein profiles of defatted camel and cow milk fractions: correlation with their in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities

International audienceIntroduction: This work presents proteins, amino acids profiles and antioxidant and properties of camel and cow milk fractions produced using an integrated coagulation-centrifugation process. Methods: Antioxidant activity using DPPH radical scavenging assay; and antidiabetic activity antidiabetic activity using in vitro alpha-amylase inhibitory activity were assessed on defatted milk fractions and their extracts using water/ethanol or HCl/ethanol solvents. Protein profiles and amino acids composition were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography.Results and discussions: The predominant protein found in cow and camel milk was 13 -casein in sodium caseinate, 13-lactoglobulin was found in the whey of cow milk, whereas alpha-lactalbumin was detected in the whey fractions of camel. The primary amino acids (comprising 1% to 5.2%) in skim milk and sweet whey milk were leucine, proline, and lysine. However, acid whey, casein fractions (sodium caseinate, and 13 -casein) from both camel and cow milk exhibited elevated concentrations of histidine, leucine, lysine and proline (1.12 -6.62%). Camel milk and its different protein fractions showed an interesting in vitro alpha-amylase inhibitory activity varying, according to different milk fractions and extraction methods, from 19.10 +/- 1.40 to 97.40 +/- 1.50%. Whatever the used method, the whey fractions from camel milk, both acid and sweet, displayed ed the highest antioxidant activity. Principal components analysis showed a positive correlation between the total phenols content, antioxidant (DPPH assay) and antidiabetic (alpha amylase inhibition test) activities within the milk fractions. Sweet and acid cow milk fractions seem to be the most promising for deeper exploration of in vivo biological activities and are promising milk derivatives for specific nutritional diet and/or functional food formulation

Phenol-Explorer 3.0: a major update of the Phenol-Explorer database to incorporate data on the effects of food processing on polyphenol content

International audiencePolyphenols are a major class of bioactive phytochemicals whose consumption may play a role in the prevention of a number of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, type II diabetes and cancers. Phenol-Explorer, launched in 2009, is the only freely available web-based database on the content of polyphenols in food and their in vivo metabolism and pharmacokinetics. Here we report the third release of the database (Phenol-Explorer 3.0), which adds data on the effects of food processing on polyphenol contents in foods. Data on >100 foods, covering 161 polyphenols or groups of polyphenols before and after processing, were collected from 129 peer-reviewed publications and entered into new tables linked to the existing relational design. The effect of processing on polyphenol content is expressed in the form of retention factor coefficients, or the proportion of a given polyphenol retained after processing, adjusted for change in water content. The result is the first database on the effects of food processing on polyphenol content and, following the model initially defined for Phenol-Explorer, all data may be traced back to original sources. The new update will allow polyphenol scientists to more accurately estimate polyphenol exposure from dietary surveys

Phenol-Explorer 3.0: a major update of the Phenol-Explorer database to incorporate data on the effects of food processing on polyphenol content

Polyphenols are a major class of bioactive phytochemicals whose consumption may play a role in the prevention of a number of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, type II diabetes and cancers. Phenol-Explorer, launched in 2009, is the only freely available web-based database on the content of polyphenols in food and their in vivo metabolism and pharmacokinetics. Here we report the third release of the database (Phenol-Explorer 3.0), which adds data on the effects of food processing on polyphenol contents in foods. Data on >100 foods, covering 161 polyphenols or groups of polyphenols before and after processing, were collected from 129 peer-reviewed publications and entered into new tables linked to the existing relational design. The effect of processing on polyphenol content is expressed in the form of retention factor coefficients, or the proportion of a given polyphenol retained after processing, adjusted for change in water content. The result is the first database on the effects of food processing on polyphenol content and, following the model initially defined for Phenol-Explorer, all data may be traced back to original sources. The new update will allow polyphenol scientists to more accurately estimate polyphenol exposure from dietary surveys. Database URL: http://www.phenol-explorer.e