87 research outputs found
Theoretical-practical research
Dissertação de Mestrado em Design, com a especialização em Design de Produto, apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre.N/
Comparison of the Thermodynamic Parameters Estimation for the Adsorption Process of the Metals from Liquid Phase on Activated Carbons
ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΠ°Π·Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π° (Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ Β«Kaspi bankΒ»)
Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ β ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΏ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ°, Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ Β«Kaspi bankΒ», ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΠ°Π·Π°Ρ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. Β Β
ΠΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΉΠ½/ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄/ΠΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΠ Β«Kaspi bankΒ», ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ°Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΠ°Π·Π°Ρ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π°.
Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ° Π² Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΠ°Π·Π°Ρ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π°; ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΠ°Π·Π°Ρ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π°; ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ°.
ΠΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π΅, ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.
ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π½Π° ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΠ°Π·Π°Ρ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΒ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡ
Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°, Π½Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± (Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΠ°).
Β Π’ΠΈΠΏ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ β ΡΠΌΠΏΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
ROLE OF SOCIAL CONSCIOUSNESS IN SOCIO-CULTURAL DETERMINATION OF PERSONAL CONSCIOUSNESS
Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ. Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° β Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠΎΠ², Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π²Π·ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ.Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠΎ Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ, ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ, ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ°, Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅.ΠΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ². Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Ρ Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ.Purpose. The article is devoted to important for contemporary spiritual situation in a society theme of correlation and interaction of individual and social consciousness. The subject of analysis is the impact of social consciousness to the consciousness of the person. The purpose of the article make the interpretation of the interaction of collective and individual minds also searching of the structural elements of social consciousness, determining the consciousness of the person.Methodology. The comparative method, structural analysis method, as well as socio-phenomenological approach and the principle of reducing the individual to the social were taken by the authors for the basis of the work.Results. The results concluded that the authors drawing on socio-phenomenological approach interprets the interaction of personal and social consciousness. The last thing is considered by them through the concept of the social construction of reality, that is, collective action by the production and further objectification and institutionalization of ideas, social norms and values that make up the basis of sociality. Also, the authors identify several elements of the spiritual life of society, influencing the consciousness of individuals, including social psychology, mass culture, group consciousness.Practical implications. The results of the study can be applied in the spheres of culture, education and social policy
Determination of microconcentrations of amphibolic minerals in talc by the method of X-RAY diffractometry
An x-ray diffractometry method for determination of amphibole impurities in talc is described. The method is realized on DRON-type diffractometers and allows quantitative evaluation of amphibole at a sensitivity threshold of the instrument in the concentration range of 0.15-4.99%. Β© 2000 Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers
Integrated Green Chemical Approach to the Medicinal Plant Carpobrotus edulis Processing
Associate Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), which is financed by national funds from FCT/MCTES (UID/QUI/50006/2019).Many plants have medicinal properties due to substances known as phytochemicals. To utilize these plants in practice, numerous procedures, such as extraction, isolation and characterization methods and toxicology and bioactivity studies, must be designed and implemented. Integrated approach to process Carpobrotus edulis, a weed medicinal plant widely spread in Portugal, was developed into a closed loop of two processes: microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and activation (MAA), to produce both phytochemicals and biochar. The use of MAE for phytochemical extraction was shown to be more energy efficient than conventional Soxhlet extraction: the process time was decreased by 7β8 times, and the energy efficiency was increased by up to 97%. The yield of the extracts is of 27%. Qualitative and quantitative identification/characterization of the phytochemicals were performed by LC-MS and phytochemical screening assays. The results clearly indicated that Carpobrotus edulis is rich by flavonoids (up to 24%). The use of MAA to process the residual biomass could shorten the activation time, resulting in reduced energy consumption. Biochar with a high yield of 65% (on a biomass basis) and a well-developed texture (surface area of 68.9 m2/g; total pore volume of 0.10 cm3/g; micropore volume of 0.07 cm3/g) is obtained.publishersversionpublishe
Irreversible fixation of organic components in labile interspaces as a mechanism for the chemical stabilization of clay-organic structures
The relationship between the fixation of organic matter into a form resistant to oxidative destruction and the actual structure of the clay component was studied in profiles of different-aged chernozemic soils of a filled fortification in the Volga Bulgaria. With the use of modern methods (X-ray phase analysis, laser diffraction granulometry, hyphenated thermal analysis-FT-IR spectroscopy, adsorption-luminescence analysis, and ICP emission spectroscopy), it was shown that the formation of organic-smectite complexes with a disordered c*-axis structure is a universal and usual way for the kinetic stabilization of the system during pedogenesis under forest-steppe conditions. The main aim of the study was to experimentally substantiate this phenomenon. Β© 2012 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd
Binding of organic matter into an oxidation-resistant form during the interaction of clay minerals with plant residues
The binding of organic matter by clay minerals was studied in experiments simulating the transformation of clay rock with a high content of dioctahedral 2:1 phases in the soil during its interaction with decomposing plant residues. Using modern methods (X-ray phase analysis, thermal analysis and Fouriertransform IR spectroscopy, and adsorption-luminescence analysis), it was shown that the binding of organic matter into a form resistant to treatment with 30% H2O2 entailed changes in the actual structure of the clay aggregates. Peculiar organic-silicate compositions with their structure disordered along the c* axis were formed, in which organic matter was localized both on the surface of the particles and in the interlayer spaces. Β© 2010 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd
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