Das gesamtwirtschaftliche Stellenangebot : Umfrage, Struktur und Besetzungsprobleme

In dem Beitrag werden Ergebnisse zweier repräsentativer Betriebsbefragungen über Ausmaß, Struktur und Entwicklung des gesamtwirtschaftlichen Stellenangebots, Einschaltung der Arbeitsämter sowie über Probleme und betriebliche Reaktionen im Falle nicht besetzbarer Stellen vorgelegt. Nach den Befragungen, an denen sich jeweils ca. 5000 Betriebe beteiligt haben, gab es im Herbst 1989 890.000 und Anfang 1990 870.000 sofort oder später zu besetzende offene Stellen. Rund 86% des aktuellen Personalbedarfs entfallen auf Klein- und Mittelbetriebe bis 200 Beschäftigte. Dem Arbeitsamt sind rund 40% der Vakanzen gemeldet. Bei Stellen, deren Besetzung Schwierigkeiten bereitet, wird das Arbeitsamt verstärkter eingeschaltet. Insgesamt konnten die Betriebe ihre Nachfragepotentiale weitgehend ausschöpfen und in relativ kurzer Zeit beachtliche Beschäftigungssteigerungen realisieren. "Einen Verzicht auf mögliche zusätzliche Produktion gab eine relativ kleine Gruppe von Betrieben an. Betriebe, die über 'Behinderungen ihrer Aktivitäten wegen Arbeitskräftemangel' berichteten, repräsentieren 12% aller Erwerbstätigen. Betriebe, die Mitarbeiter eingestellt hatten, berichteten im Herbst, daß es in 39% dieser Fälle Schwierigkeiten gegeben habe. Der Rückgang dieses Anteils auf 29% bei der Befragung Anfang des Jahres 1990 dürfte zumindest zum Teil saisonal bedingt sein und vielleicht auch die leichten Entspannungstendenzen widerspiegeln, die sich zu Beginn dieses Jahres auf dem Arbeitsmarkt zeigten." (IAB2)offene Stellen - Struktur, Stellenangebot, Betriebsgröße, Wirtschaftszweige, Arbeitskräftemangel, berufliche Qualifikation, regionale Verteilung, Personaleinstellung, Personalbedarf, Beschäftigerverhalten

Individualized Surgery: Gamma-Probe-Guided Lymphadenectomy in Patients with Clinically Enlarged Lymph Node Metastases from Melanomas

BACKGROUND: The value of a preoperative lymphoscintigraphy in melanoma patients with clinically evident regional lymph node metastases has not been studied. Therapeutic lymph node dissection (TLND) is regarded as the clinical standard, but the appropriate extent of TLND is controversial in all lymphatic basins. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Of the 115 consecutive patients with surgery on palpable lymph node metastases, 34 received a pre-operative lymphoscintigraphy. Lymphatic drainage to a second nodal basin outside the clinically involved basin was found in 15 cases. In 13 patients, the ectopic tumor-draining lymph nodes were excised as in a sentinel node biopsy. The lymph nodes from the TLND specimens were postoperatively separated and classified as either radioactive or non-radioactive. RESULTS: A total of 493 lymph nodes were examined pathologically. The largest macrometastasis maintained the ability to take up radiotracer in 77% of cases. Radioactively labeled lymph nodes carried a higher risk of being involved with metastasis. The proportions of tumor involvement for radioactive and non-radioactive lymph nodes were 44.5 and 16.9%, respectively (P=0.00002). Of the 13 ectopic nodal basins surgically explored, six harbored clinically occult metastases. CONCLUSION: In patients undergoing TLND for palpable metastases, tumor-draining lymph nodes in a second, ectopic nodal basin should be excised, because they could be affected by occult metastasis. With respect to radioactive lymph nodes situated within the nodal basin of the macrometastasis but beyond the borders of a less-radical lymphadenectomy, further studies are needed

RelB+^{+} Steady-State Migratory Dendritic Cells Control the Peripheral Pool of the Natural Foxp3+^{+} Regulatory T Cells

Thymus-derived natural Foxp3$^{+}$ CD4$^{+}$ regulatory T cells (nTregs) play a key role in maintaining immune tolerance and preventing autoimmune disease. Several studies indicate that dendritic cells (DCs) are critically involved in the maintenance and proliferation of nTregs. However, the mechanisms how DCs manage to keep the peripheral pool at constant levels remain poorly understood. Here, we describe that the NF-κB/Rel family transcription factor RelB controls the frequencies of steady-state migratory DCs (ssmDCs) in peripheral lymph nodes and their numbers control peripheral nTreg homeostasis. DC-specific RelB depletion was investigated in CD11c-Cre × RelB$^{fl/fl}$ mice (RelB$^{DCko}$), which showed normal frequencies of resident DCs in lymph nodes and spleen while the subsets of CD103$^{-}$ Langerin$^{-}$ dermal DCs (dDCs) and Langerhans cells but not CD103$^{+}$ Langerin$^{+}$ dDC of the ssmDCs in skin-draining lymph nodes were increased. Enhanced frequencies and proliferation rates were also observed for nTregs and a small population of CD4$^{+}$ CD44$^{high}$ CD25$^{low}$ memory-like T cells (Tml). Interestingly, only the Tml but not DCs showed an increase in IL-2-producing capacity in lymph nodes of RelB$^{DCko}$ mice. Blocking of IL-2 in vivo reduced the frequency of nTregs but increased the Tml frequencies, followed by a recovery of nTregs. Taken together, by employing RelB$^{DCko}$ mice with increased frequencies of ssmDCs our data indicate a critical role for specific ssmDC subsets for the peripheral nTreg and IL-2$^{+}$ Tml frequencies during homeostasis

Hybrid cell vaccination in metastatic melanoma: clinical and immunologic results of a phase I/II study

Hybrid cell vaccination with cell fusion products (CFPs) of autologous tumor cells and mature allogenic MHC II bearing dendritic cells has been described to induce cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune responses. The aim of this study was to assess safety, antitumor activity, and immune responses of a CFP-vaccine in patients with disseminated malignant melanoma. In a phase I/II study, we treated 11 patients by monthly intracutaneous or subcutaneous application of a CFP vaccine generated by electrofusion of autologous melanoma cells with mature allogenic dendritic cells. In addition, patients received subcutaneous low-dose interleukin-2 injections for 6 days after each vaccination. No serious adverse effects were observed. Ten patients showed progressive disease and one patient had a short-lasting stable disease. None of the patients developed a positive delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction against irradiated autologous melanoma cells. In 2 patients, who were monitored in more detail, we found no evidence of induction of a specific antimelanoma T-cell response by analyzing the proliferation, cytokine secretion, and cytotoxicity of their T cells toward autologous melanoma cells. No unequivocal beneficial effects of the used CFP vaccine could be demonstrated

In-flight control and communication architecture of the GLORIA imaging limb sounder on atmospheric research aircraft

The Gimballed Limb Observer for Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere (GLORIA), a Fourier-transform-spectrometer-based limb spectral imager, operates on high-altitude research aircraft to study the transit region between the troposphere and the stratosphere. It is one of the most sophisticated systems to be flown on research aircraft in Europe, requiring constant monitoring and human intervention in addition to an automation system. To ensure proper functionality and interoperability on multiple platforms, a flexible control and communication system was laid out. The architectures of the communication system as well as the protocols used are reviewed. The integration of this architecture in the automation process as well as the scientific campaign flight application context are discussed