96 research outputs found
[Fertility in Spain, 1996-2006: foreign versus Spanish women].
OBJECTIVES: To determine fertility trends in Spain and whether women's specific fertility rates differ by age and nationality during the period 1996-2006. METHODS: We performed a population-based, cross-sectional study. Direct standardization was used to compare fertility rates by nationality. Foreign versus Spanish women's fertility rates by age and the period under review were compared by a generalized linear model. The trend by nationality was described by time plots and was analyzed by simple linear regression models. RESULTS: Foreign women had more children (total fertility rate: 2 versus 1.2) and at younger age. The upward trend observed in the fertility of Spanish women (p<0.001) was primarily due to increased fertility in older mothers (35 years and older). The fertility of foreign women aged < or =19 was six times higher than that of Spanish women (rate ratio: 6.00, 95% CI: 2.60-13.86). CONCLUSIONS: The fertility pattern of foreign women differs from that of Spanish women and is mainly characterized by higher fertility, especially in younger women (< or =19 years). This pattern may be associated with social and cultural differences. Prevention and sexual educational policies should be reformulated to take into account the specific sociocultural characteristics of this group and to adapt prevention messages to their cultural context
Maternal Dietary Patterns during Pregnancy and Their Association with Gestational Weight Gain and Nutrient Adequacy
Several epidemiologic studies have shown an association between GestationalWeight Gain (GWG) and o spring complications. The GWG is directly linked to maternal dietary intake and women’s nutritional status during pregnancy. The aim of this study was (1) to assess, in a sample of Spanish pregnant women, the association between maternal dietary patterns and GWG and (2) to assess maternal dietary patterns and nutrient adequate intake according to GWG. A retrospective study was conducted in a sample of 503 adult pregnant women in five hospitals in Eastern Andalusia (Spain). Data on demographic characteristics, anthropometric values, and dietary intake were collected from clinical records by trained midwives. Usual food intake was gathered through a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), and dietary patterns were obtained by principal component analysis. Nutrient adequacy was defined according to European dietary intake recommendations for pregnant women. Regression models adjusted by confounding factors were constructed to study the association between maternal dietary pattern and GWG, and maternal dietary patterns and nutritional adequacy. A negative association was found between GWG and the Mediterranean dietary pattern (crude = -0.06, 95% CI: -0.11, -0.04). Independent of maternal dietary pattern, nutrient adequacy of dietary fiber, vitamin B9, D, E, and iodine was related to a Mediterranean dietary pattern (p < 0.05). A Mediterranean dietary pattern is related to lower GWG and better nutrient adequacy. The promotion of healthy dietary behavior consistent with the general advice promoted by the Mediterranean Diet (based on legumes, vegetables, nuts, olive oil, and whole cereals) will o er healthful, sustainable, and practical strategies to control GWG and ensure adequate nutrient intake during pregnancy.National Institute of Health Carlos III
PI11/0219
Percepción de riesgo en alumnos de enfermería
The objective of this study is to analyze the scientific production that exists about the relationship between the risk perception and the accidents during the clinical practice in nursing students. A systematic search was carried out in the data bases MEDLINE and CUIDEN, and also in the documentary heritage of the National Institute of Safety and Hygiene at Work, gathering publications from 1992 to 2010. A total of 89 articles were analyzed. Among the resulting thematic fields are: work setting, step measurements, psychosocial factors. As a conclusion, a lack of studies which prove in an explicit way the role that the real risk perception that the nursing students are exposed to exists. So, the necessity to go on in this line is set out, in order to improve the safety of nursing studentsEl objetivo de este estudio, es analizar la producción científica que existe sobre la relación entre la percepción de riesgo y los accidentes en la práctica clínica en alumnos/as de Enfermería. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en las bases de datos MEDLINE y CUIDEN, así como en el fondo documental del Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo, recopilando publicaciones comprendidas entre 1992 y 2010. Se analizaron un total de 89 artículos. Entre los campos temáticos emergentes se encuentran: entorno laboral, medidas preventivas, factores psicosociales. Se llega a la conclusión de que existe una carencia de estudios que demuestren de forma explícita el papel que la percepción de riesgo juega en el riesgo real al que los alumnos de enfermería se ven expuestos, por lo que se plantea la necesidad de investigar en esta línea, para así poder mejorar la seguridad de los alumnos de enfermería
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a Reference Organism to Study Algal–Microbial Interactions: Why Can’t They Be Friends?
The stability and harmony of ecological niches rely on intricate interactions between their members. During evolution, organisms have developed the ability to thrive in different environments, taking advantage of each other. Among these organisms, microalgae are a highly diverse and widely distributed group of major primary producers whose interactions with other organisms play essential roles in their habitats. Understanding the basis of these interactions is crucial to control and exploit these communities for ecological and biotechnological applications. The green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a well-established model, is emerging as a model organism for studying a wide variety of microbial interactions with ecological and economic significance. In this review, we unite and discuss current knowledge that points to C. reinhardtii as a model organism for studying microbial interactions
Stability of Ampicillin plus Ceftriaxone Combined in Elastomeric Infusion Devices for Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy
Ampicillin; Infective endocarditis; Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapyAmpicil·lina; Endocarditis infecciosa; Teràpia antimicrobiana parenteral ambulatòriaAmpicilina; Endocarditis infecciosa; Terapia antimicrobiana parenteral ambulatoriaCurrently, ampicillin plus ceftriaxone (AC) is one of the preferred treatments for Enterococcus faecalis infective endocarditis. However, there is a lack of stability data for the combination of both drugs in elastomeric devices, so the inclusion of AC in Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy (OPAT) programs is challenging. The objective of the study was to determine the stability of AC in elastomeric pumps when stored at 8 ± 2 °C, 25 ± 2 °C, 30 ± 2 °C and 37 ± 2 °C using LC-MS/MS. The combination was diluted in 0.9% sodium chloride and the final concentrations were ampicillin 24 g/L plus ceftriaxone 8 g/L. Physical and chemical stability were evaluated at 12, 20, 24, 36 and 48 h after preparation. Stability was met at each time point if the percentage of intact drug was ≥90% of its respective baseline concentration and color and clearness remained unchanged. The drug combination was stable for 48 h when it was kept at 8 ± 2 °C. At 25 ± 2 °C and 30 ± 2 °C, they were stable for 24 h of storage. At 37 ± 2 °C, the stability criterion was not met at any time point. These results prove that AC could be included in OPAT programs using elastomeric infusion devices for the treatment of E. faecalis infections.This work was supported by the Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria and the AFinf Working Group for the project “Stability study of antimicrobials under conditions analogous to the outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy program (OPAT)”. A.G.-V. was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, co-financed by the European Development Regional Fund (“A way to achieve Europe”), Subprograma Miguel Servet (grant CP19/00159). L.H.-H. was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, co-financed by the European Development Regional Fund (“A way to achieve Europe”), Subprograma Juan Rodés (grant JR22/00049)
Arginine is a component of the ammonium- CYG56 signalling cascade that represses genes of the nitrogen assimilation pathway in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Nitrogen assimilation and metabolism are essential processes for all living organisms, yet
there is still much to be learnt on how they are regulated. The use of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
as a model system has been instrumental not only in identifying conserved regulation
mechanisms that control the nitrogen assimilation pathway, but also in understanding how
the intracellular nitrogen status regulates metabolic processes of industrial interest such as
the synthesis of biolipids. While the genetic regulators that control the nitrogen pathway are
successfully being unravelled, other layers of regulation have received less attention. Amino
acids, for example, regulate nitrogen assimilation in certain organisms, but their role in Chlamydomonas
has not thoroughly been explored. Previous results had suggested that arginine
might repress key genes of the nitrogen assimilation pathway by acting within the
ammonium negative signalling cascade, upstream of the nitric oxide (NO) inducible guanylate
cyclase CYG56. We tested this hypothesis with a combination of genetic and chemical
approaches. Antagonising the effects of arginine with an arginine biosynthesis mutant or
with two chemical analogues released gene expression from ammonium mediated repression.
The cyg56 and related non1 mutants, which are partially insensitive to ammonium
repression, were also partially insensitive to repression by arginine. Finally, we show that
the addition of arginine to the medium leads to an increase in intracellular NO. Our data
reveal that arginine acts as a negative signal for the assimilation of nitrogen within the
ammonium-CYG56 negative signalling cascade, and provide a connection between amino
acid metabolism and nitrogen assimilation in microalgae
Characterization of a Mutant Deficient for Ammonium and Nitric Oxide Signalling in the Model System Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
The ubiquitous signalling molecule Nitric Oxide (NO) is characterized not only by the variety
of organisms in which it has been described, but also by the wealth of biological processes
that it regulates. In contrast to the expanding repertoire of functions assigned to NO, however,
the mechanisms of NO action usually remain unresolved, and genes that work within
NO signalling cascades are seldom identified. A recent addition to the list of known NO functions
is the regulation of the nitrogen assimilation pathway in the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas
reinhardtii, a well-established model organism for genetic and molecular studies that
offers new possibilities in the search for mediators of NO signalling. By further exploiting a
collection of Chlamydomonas insertional mutant strains originally isolated for their insensitivity
to the ammonium (NH4
+) nitrogen source, we found a mutant which, in addition to its
ammonium insensitive (AI) phenotype, was not capable of correctly sensing the NO signal.
Similarly to what had previously been described in the AI strain cyg56, the expression of
nitrogen assimilation genes in the mutant did not properly respond to treatments with various
NO donors. Complementation experiments showed that NON1 (NO Nitrate 1), a gene
that encodes a protein containing no known functional domain, was the gene underlying the
mutant phenotype. Beyond the identification of NON1, our findings broadly demonstrate the
potential for Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to be used as a model system in the search for
novel components of gene networks that mediate physiological responses to NO
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